404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
红军第五次反“围剿”的失败,固然与德国顾问李德的错误指挥直接相关,但与蒋介石改变了以往的军事策略也有着密切联系。无独有偶,蒋介石这个策略的制定与出台,恰好也与德国人有关,因为蒋在20世纪30年代也聘请了大批德国顾问为他服务。为什么这些德国人此时来到中国?这就要从20世纪30年代的中德关系说起。
国民党的洋帮手:德国顾问团
对于不熟悉国民政府外交史的人来说,在1930年代,德国与南京国民政府居然建立起了密切的联系是非常令人诧异的。但事实上的确如此,按照美国著名学者柯伟林的说法就是:“从1928年到1938年,蒋介石政府与德国关系的密切程度超过了列强的任何一个。”至于为何德国会在亚洲选择了中国,中国最终选择了德国,这个原因很多。一个可能是同病相怜,因为一战后的德国作为战败国遭到严厉惩罚,被迫割地赔款,这对好面子的日耳曼民族来说是无法忍受的。而中国自近代以来就遭受列强入侵,而且此时的日本已经在1931年发动九一八事变,将东北全境占领,并窥视关内,中日大战迫在眉睫。这样,双方拥有了相似的民族情感经历。
在20世纪30年代初,德国曾打算开辟一条从柏林到南京的直达航线,但在首次试航时就遭到苏联的阻拦,苏联战斗机将其在蒙古上空迫降,“德国飞行员和机械师都摔断了骨头,并在一座蒙古监狱中被判刑五年”,后中、德方面经过多方努力,他们才被释放。这个变故使得开通该条航线的计划中途流产。尽管如此,德国却给中国提供了大批贷款,而中国也以原料换取德国的军事装备、铁路器材和整座工厂等,正是这些工厂,后来奠定了中国国有工业的基础。
但要说双方完全因为民族感情才交往频繁,是不恰当的。毕竟国家之间,利益是最主要的关注点。此时的德国急于摆脱凡尔赛体系对它的束缚,希望大力发展军备。但是德国领土面积较小,国内资源有限,特别是紧缺一种制造军火最重要的战略物资——钨矿。因为在钢铁中加入一定的钨,能大大提高枪炮管的熔点,不会出现因持续射击造成枪炮管高温软化变形的情况。可见,钨矿对于德国发展军事力量来说至关重要。但问题是,欧洲英、法等战胜国始终对德国存有戒心,严格控制钨矿等战略物资的出口,使德国十分恼火。无奈之下,德国只得将目光转向中国。早在1929年,德国工业界就通过民间贸易从中国获得了其所需的88%的锑和53%的钨。1915年至1937年,中国钨矿的平均产量就占世界总产量的38%。锑的重要用途在于制造印刷合金(铅字)及轴承合金等。1934年,中国也成为德国进口锑的主要来源。
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
相关阅读
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
加载更多>>
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
| URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160621/22912499.html |
| Server: |
cms-9-157 |
| Date: |
2026/01/22 14:17:28 |
Powered by China
China