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林则徐究竟应该对第一次鸦片战争负什么责任?

2016-05-25 15:11:18   人民网

但是作为孜孜不倦、独具慧眼的时代先行者,林则徐对于当时中西关系的许多判断,为何存在那么多错误狭隘之处?他对西方世界,到底了解多少?

事实上,苛刻的历史老人并未给林则徐从容细致研究西方的机会。与日本明治维新的“黑船开国”不同,美国人最先开进日本的是商船,英国人隆隆驶进中国的却是战舰;美国人递给日本幕府的是文质彬彬的照会请求,英国人在大清海岸架起的却是黑洞洞的钢铁炮口。第一次鸦片战争爆发之前,林则徐完全没有预感到中国即将遭受一场灾难深重的持久侵略。他没有足够的缓冲时间,将昏睡中的统治者猛然摇醒,告之即将到来的千年大变局。

对此,林则徐不得不以急功近利的态度,抓紧时间从西方文化中攫取几味灵丹妙药,以救危局。由于军情危急,他只好从西学中主要拣取最先进的军事科学技术,直接应用于“驭夷”大计。他在虎门设置13座炮台,秘密购进西洋大铜炮,组织摘译有关欧式大炮瞄准发射技术的书籍,督促训练军尽快学会使用发射。外国的帆船无法引进,他便绞尽脑汁通过美国商人之手购买两只商船,千方百计进行改装,以尽快提高清军的战斗力,以对付游弋在家门口的强敌。这些短期行为,使林则徐的西学研究具有明显的实用主义倾向,无法自成系统,大大妨碍了他学习认识西方的广度和深度。

然而,忠心耿耿的臣子林则徐,不知道悲风骤至、日之将夕的末世清廷,已是腐朽不堪,纵使他有三头六臂,也难力挽狂澜。林则徐的西学实践只能就事论事,无法提升到国家战略层面的高度。他为眼前“制夷”需要而被动学习西方的狭窄动机,注定无法解决晚清社会全面爆发的社会危机。尽管他呕心沥血,亦仅收开风气先河之功,得器物皮毛之实,不能撼醒天朝迷梦,挽救这个落日残照下的王朝。诚如蒋廷黻总结:鸦片战争失败的根本理由是我们的落伍。我们的军器和军队是中古的军队,我们的政府是中古的政府,我们的人民,连士大夫阶级在内,是中古的人民。我们虽拼命抵抗但终归失败,那是自然的,逃不脱的。

【天下虽云大,同声有几人?】

林则徐的西学研究未能站得更高、走得更远,首当其咎的,实则是中国历史悠久的锁国传统。自十八世纪后半期起,西学在中国的传播基本中断。直到鸦片战争前夕,中国知识界对西方事情及其变化几乎一无所知,甚至当“英夷”来袭之际,“沿海文武员并不谙夷情,震于英吉利之名,而实不知其来历。”

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