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在清朝官方“节取其技能,而禁传其学术”的政策束缚之下,中国人无法准确理解西方的知识体系和科学体系,西方书籍在中国更是凤毛麟角。在这样闭塞落伍的环境下,作为饱受儒家思想熏陶的知识分子,林则徐也不可能完全摆脱高高在上的“华夷”观念,承认中华文化已落后于西方的残酷现实。在他的奏章、笔记中到处可见对洋人“夷”、“奸夷”、“逆夷”的种种称谓,将其比作“犬羊”、“鸡狗”一类,蔑称为“异种”。他在称呼“英吉利”、“米利坚”的国名时,一定要在每一字前冠一“口”字,以视警告与轻蔑。林则徐只承认西方的坚船利炮比中国的优越,从不认为他们的文明也比中国先进。他对西方的民主制度毫无兴趣,不屑地认为:“美利坚并无国主,只分置二十四处头人,碍难遍行传檄”。美国独立自主的各州州长,在他眼里犹如蛮夷之地的土司头人。
在“天朝上国”心态的支配下,林则徐轻敌思想在所难免。他看不到英国为了满足本国资产阶级扩大远东贸易市场的要求,将要发动对中国战争的可能性,自然就在情理之中。
然而,这笔账又岂能都记在林则徐一人头上?天下虽云大,同声有几人?包括道光帝在内的统治者又有几人足够清醒?当鸦片战争已经打响,被俘虏的英国兵被押解到北京,道光皇帝还迷惑不解地讯问道:“英吉利与俄罗斯是否接壤?”“英吉利与新疆各部有无旱路可通?”“该女主年甫二十二岁,何以推为一国之主?”而这样可笑的问题,在康熙年间早已是常识。可到了道光皇帝这里,居然不知道英吉利到底在地球的哪一端。清代康雍乾三朝,外国使者来中国者甚多,教皇也数次遣使来华,然而在长达一百三十多年中,清廷竟一次都未派遣使者考察西欧,采风问俗。自大无知的谬论让中国人画地为牢,自欺欺人,习惯了在天朝上国的迷梦里沉酣不醒。
在这样的大环境中,中国人走向世界的步履,显得无比艰难沉重。
英雄都付浪淘沙,逝者如斯总不归。苍凉的历史帷幕缓缓落下,林则徐再也不用为生前身后的宠辱悲欢而纠缠。很难想象,一个刚刚放眼天下的旧式知识分子,要扒开一间千年的铁屋,让外面照进一丝微弱的亮光,该有多么痛苦艰难。但值得欣慰的是,他终于从荆棘蛮荒之地,开辟出一条前所未有的道路。在他身后,无边的暗夜中正逐渐响起后来者的脚步声,大地召唤着黎明。
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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