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火器终结中世纪:蒙古人当了技术推广员
2016-05-13 12:08:56 人民网-国家人文历史
在金蒙战争中,双方均已大量使用火器。以激烈的汴京守卫战(1232年)为例,金军以牛皮作为屏障,自以为不能攻破,结果蒙古军以火炮射之,燃烧而不可扑救。反过来,蒙古军用牛皮洞掩护士兵挖掘城墙,结果守城的金军用铁罐装上火药,号曰“震天雷”,点上引信后用铁索系着从城上垂下,到掘城处爆炸,声如雷震,杀伤力可达半亩,牛皮洞和攻城士兵自然都被炸得粉碎。金军偶尔还以敢死之士出城突击,他们手持“飞火枪”,枪口装了火药,点火之后火药向前喷射十来步远,蒙古军无法抵御,只能逃散。部分出于对“震天雷”及“飞火枪”的惧怕,蒙古军在围攻16昼夜后只得暂时解围而去。到了这年五月,金将蒲察官奴率精锐的忠孝军 450人,编成飞火枪队,各持飞火枪一支,并带铁火罐,内藏火源,夜袭蒙古兵营,战胜近10倍的蒙军,蒙军纷纷逃溃,溺水死者凡3500余人,取得金朝最后一次对蒙作战的胜利。
虽然十字弓和长弓杀伤力强,但要有效地使用十字弓(和长弓),就得经过几个月时间的练习,而要真正精通则需数年时间的刻苦训练。但火枪的使用就比较简便,步兵经过短时间的训练便可很快掌握。
丝绸之路上的火器传播
1234年,金朝终于在蒙宋合击下灭亡,接踵而至的是旷日持久的宋蒙(元)战争。在历时5年的襄阳保卫战中,南宋民军将领张顺、张贵率死士三千,战船百艘往援,就“各船置火枪、火炮、炽炭、巨斧、劲弩”。1277年,元军进攻静江(今桂林),宋军以火器守御三月之久,最终城破,娄铃辖(铃辖是军职,其名不知)仍率250名宋军坚守月城不降。元军攻城十余日,娄部因缺粮乏食,难以支持,便鸣角击鼓,引爆一具大铁火砲,集体殉国。该砲爆炸时“声如雷霆,震城土皆崩,烟气涨天外,兵多掠死者,火熄人视之,灰烬无遗矣”。足见此时铁火砲的威力之大。在1279年的崖山,宋元最后一战同样有火器参战,宋将张士杰率部以火砲迎敌,结果在元军火砲、火药弓弩的攻击下,7艘宋军战船被焚毁。
崖山之战过后,元朝统一中国并继续对外扩张,火药与火器的制造使用技术也被其传到了东亚邻国。1280年元朝以再度征讨日本为名在高丽设立征东行省,又从当地抽调步兵、水手2.5万人,并以火器装备高丽军队,从此朝鲜半岛开始掌握使用火器的技术。在此之前的1274年,在第一次“蒙古袭来”中,元军已在九州岛使用了火器,虽然在“神风”庇佑下,日军击退了在欧亚大陆横行无阻的蒙古大军。但是蒙古军队的进攻,特别是威力强猛的火药火器,使日本武士受到很大震动:元军的铁火砲一次就可以抛射出2-3个球形铁砲,盛有火药的铁罐爆炸后向日本武士飞来,爆炸之时“火光闪闪,声震如雷,使人肝胆俱裂,眼昏耳聋,茫然不知所措”。日本人经过同元军作战后,才知道世界上已经有人使用火器。此后,日本人曾想方设法通过高丽人学习中国的火药、火器制造技术。元朝当局得知后下令严密防止把火药与火器制造秘术传授给日本人,并禁止沿海各地提炼硝石。由于元朝(和明朝)技术上的封锁在一段时间里取得成效,直到16世纪,日本才开始制造火药与火器。
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