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蒙古大军历史上为何三次出兵都未能征服越南?

2016-05-13 08:48:46   澎湃新闻网

“兴道大王”的功绩

对于蒙古(元朝)而言,陈朝实在是个难缠的敌手。陈朝朝廷甚至下令“凡国内郡县假有外寇至,当死战;或力不敌,许于山泽逃窜,不得迎降”。虽然也出现过一些叛降蒙元者,比如陈仁宗的一个弟弟及《安南志略》的作者黎崱,但整体而言陈朝统治集团的抵抗意志是极为坚定的,几乎可与同一时期的日本镰仓幕府相垺。只不过,“元寇袭来”时的镰仓幕府更多依仗的是从天而降的“神风”不战而胜,陈朝却更多的需要在战场上真刀真枪地与蒙古军较量。

陈朝本身是作为外戚篡夺了原本属于李朝的皇位,影响至今的一个结果是强令越南李姓者尽改姓“阮”,使后者成为越南第一大姓。为防止自己重蹈覆辙,陈太宗(1218年-1277年)规定宰相和重臣都由宗室担任,确保了宗室对皇帝的忠诚。在众建诸侯的体制下,拥有领地的皇室贵族们不仅仅是为了他们的国家,也为了他们自己的封疆而需要努力驱除外来入侵者。

其中最突出的自然是兴道大王陈国峻(?-1300年)。从私人角度讲,他其实是完全有理由去当“带路党”的。陈国峻其父陈柳为陈太宗兄,陈朝的实际建立者陈守度强迫陈柳把老婆让给陈太宗,陈柳咽不下这种夺妻之恨,临死时告诫儿子陈国峻一定要为其报仇。结果当元军来袭,手握兵权的陈国峻却放下私仇,没有听从父亲遗言去夺取皇位。他不仅凛然誓言“先断臣首然后降”,更写作了名篇《檄将士文》(《谕诸裨将檄文》)以鼓舞士气,这篇满是中国历史上忠勇人物(从为智伯复仇的豫让到坚守钓鱼城的宋将王坚)典故的檄文直斥“蒙鞑乃不共戴天之讐”,告诫部下“汝等既恬然不以雪耻为念,不以除凶为心,而又不教士卒,是倒戈迎降,空拳受敌,使平虏之后,万世遗羞,尚何面目立于天地覆载之间耶”!在其激励下,许多陈朝的普通士兵都在手臂上刺上“杀鞑”二字,发誓抵抗到底。

除了鼓舞士气之外,陈国峻更重要的贡献是为弱小的陈朝找到了一条取胜之道。所谓“彼恃长阵,我恃短兵,以短制长,兵法之常也”,“若用蚕食缓行,不务民财,不求速胜,则拔用良将,观其权变,如围棋然,随时制宜,收得父子之兵,始可用也。”在这种思想主导下,在正面战场无法抵御蒙(元)军的陈朝军队每每主动后撤,以拖待变;并在敌军后勤补给力有不逮时趁势反击而获胜。

选择白藤江作为决战战场也正是出自这位兴道大王的计划,当时越南的水军可以说是唯一胜过敌军的兵种,就连元人也承认,陈朝战船“船轻而长,船板甚薄,尾如鸳鸯翅,船弦两侧甚高。每船有三十人划桨,多可达百余人。船行如飞”。以己所长击彼之短,岂有不胜的道理。

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