军事 > 军事历史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China

蒙古大军历史上为何三次出兵都未能征服越南?

2016-05-13 08:48:46   澎湃新闻网

天时·地利·人和

除去陈朝本身的抗战,可以说蒙古军队也输掉了天时、地利、人和。连西方史家都发现了这一点,《多桑蒙古史》记载,第一次入侵时,元朝军由于“热不能堪,班师”;第二次入侵时“盛夏霖潦,军中疾作,死伤者众”;第三次入侵时又是“军中将士多被疫不能进”。安南属热带季风气候,气温高,湿度大,风雨多,旱、雨季明显,大部分地区5月至10月为雨季,11月至次年4月为旱季。元军士兵多来自北方,故元军出兵多在下半年,正值安南为冬天旱季的时候。一旦被拖至雨季,瘟疫肆虐,蒙(元)军队实在是在“鬼天气”里吃够了苦头。虽然不能说蒙古军队是完全败给了天气,毕竟此前已经征服了同样有暑雨并流行瘴疠的岭南地区,但入侵安南,某种程度上的确是在逆“天”而行。

另一方面,安南的地形复杂,山地、高原、河流互相交织在一起,很少有一马平川的大平原。连元朝将领自己都意识到,这样的地形“蒙古军马亦不能施其技”,使得远征安南的元军已不是单一的骑兵,而是以步兵为主。对安南的战争,也更多是传统中原式样的战争:既无依靠随行羊马和狩猎解决给养的条件,也不能靠“因粮于敌”之法获取给养。军队给养只能靠国内供应,势必“兵马未动,粮草先行”,而不能“羊马随行,不用运饷”。漫长而脆弱的补给线也确实成为入侵安南的“阿喀琉斯之踵”。

所谓“天时不如地利,地利不如人和”。忽必烈“内用聚敛之臣,视民财如图苜,外兴无名之师,戕民命如草芥”,实在是穷兵黩武,残民已极。常年对外作战使得“老兵饱尝征战味,听说安南愁满面”;兵粮多聚,征丁从军更导致田地无人耕种,江南一带“群生愁叹,四民废业,贫者弃子以偷生,富者鬻产而应役,倒悬之苦,日甚一日”。至元二十年(1283年),江南“相挺而起”的起义“凡二百余所”,到至元二十六年(1289年),激增为“四百余处”,几乎遍及整个长江以南。面对如此之多的起义叛乱,元廷不得不抽调一部分军力进行镇压,从而削弱了元军南征的力量,因此,虽然忽必烈仍不甘心,先后三次图谋再征安南,但终于无法如愿,国内反对声浪却日甚一日。当1294年忽必烈去世后,元廷立即下诏停止征讨安南。

就这样,在蒙古军对其他地区以秋风扫落叶之势进行武力征服的时刻,越南却在历经三次与元军激烈的军事对抗之后,固然其国内也是一片“往年大军在此,烧毁屋舍,开发先人坟墓,骸骨零露”的惨状,却基本上阻挡了元军的攻势,保住了自主统治,以致当时已是太上皇的陈圣宗(?-1290年,1258年-1278年在位)在拜谒陈太宗陵时写下了如此自豪的诗句:“社稷两回劳石马,山河千古奠金瓯。”

参考文献:[越]潘黎辉等著,戴可来译:《越南民族历史上的几次战略决战》,世界知识出版社,1980年

(来源:澎湃新闻网)

责任编辑:汤鹏霏 CM015
上一页4/4下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160513/22639449_4.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/01/23 09:15:11

Powered by China
China