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蒙古大军历史上为何三次出兵都未能征服越南?
2016-05-13 08:48:46 澎湃新闻网
大元与小小的陈朝
这是安南军队首次在战场面对全世界最强大的蒙古军队,虽然摆出了步象骑兵的混合阵势,仍被兀良合台击溃。蒙军趁势进入安南首都升龙(今河内),却只得到一座空城,仅呆了九天,以暑热难耐兼之粮食已尽,被迫撤军,路上又遭到安南地方豪族武装的袭击而大败,沿途疲惫不堪,所到之处亦不敢劫掠,故人们称之为“佛贼”。这对小小的陈朝而言,当然是一次巨大的胜利,后世的陈仁宗为此写诗云:“白发老头兵,常谈元丰事。”
随后二十多年里,蒙古(元)忙于对宋作战,无暇顾及僻处一隅的安南。等到灭亡南宋统一中国之后,忽必烈决心兼并安南。1285年初,元军兵分六路进攻陈朝。鉴于第一次战争的经验,部队中增加了一些曾参加过征服南宋和习惯于在中国南方作战的高级将领,比如崖山之战时担任张弘范副手的李恒这次亦在主帅镇南王脱欢(忽必烈第九子)帐下。元军的人数也大大增加,据《大越史记全书》载为五十万人(这当然是夸大其词)。正面战场上,元军再次击溃陈朝军队,占领升龙,但安南军“虽数败散,然增兵转多”,元“军困乏,死伤亦众,蒙古军马亦不能施其技”,脱欢遂于当年五月撤兵,归途又遇安南军队伏击,李恒膝中毒箭,归国后毒发身亡;脱欢本人则是钻在铜管里,让士兵抬着,才免于一死。
忽必烈不甘失败,又集中江淮、江西、湖广三省蒙汉军7万,附船500艘和云南兵6000人、黎族兵1.5万人卷土重来。1287年12月,元军由脱欢率领,分兵三路第三次进犯安南。两路是从广西、云南来的步兵和骑兵,此外还增加了一支水兵,从海路沿着白藤江(邻近越南北部下龙湾的入海口)进犯。陈朝军队再次放弃升龙,坚壁清野,迫使元军于次年三月粮尽而退。
白藤江,陈朝军队事先从森林里砍伐树木,削尖后插入江中,当元军战船鱼贯而入白藤江时,潮水正在下落,陈军出其不意地猛烈进攻,把元军船只驱至暗桩水域,当潮水下落时,元军的船多数撞没于木桩上,全歼元军水军,是为白藤江大捷,陈朝大儒张汉超在越南汉赋名篇《白藤江赋》中称之为“再造之功,千古称美”。而到了2016年3月初,根据越南媒体报道,越南总理阮晋勇日前也批准了在这里建设白藤江战役遗迹保护区的议案。
白藤江战役具有决定性的意义:小小的安南再次击败了庞大的大陆帝国。元军战败的消息甚至传到了遥远的波斯,伊儿汗国的史学家拉施特在《史集》中记载,“他们(陈朝)的军队突然从海上、森林里和山上的埋伏中出来了,击溃了正忙于抢劫的脱欢的军队。”
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