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美国大选“对华焦虑症”:中国超越刺激美国精英

2016-03-29 09:39:57   王文

根据何汉理的分类,这大体分为三派:一是保持现状;二是达成交易,主张美国在南海、台湾、阿富汗等议题上与中国达成某种互换协议,以便使美国得到更大的利益;三是强硬对待,这尤其以军方为代表,希望联合美国的盟友,加大军费预算,迫使中国更多地遵从美国的意图。而何汉理的结论则是,中国应该对美国进行更多的“战略再保证”。

在美国大选过程中,无论是特朗普还是希拉里,都希望一旦当选,应对中国更强硬一些。这些都折射出三派不同的利益诉求,也在相当大程度上体现了美国政客的摇摆与左右迎合。比如,特朗普一会儿说“要以中国为敌”,一会儿又说“要善于与中国做生意”;希拉里一边把中国视为强劲对手,一边又反对以遏制中国贸易发展为目标的TPP方案。

没有人会相信,中国与美国未来会有一场巨大冲突,因为那是人类难以承受之重。但是,中国这样的大国,美国人的确没有遇到过。希拉里在回忆录《艰难抉择》中专门用两章来讲述美中关系,认为“美中关系正在驶进未知水域”,美中两个大国的关系的确超越所有国际关系教科书里的想象。可能所有美国精英希望能有一个确定的美中关系未来,中国人又何尝不是呢?

在美国期间,一位退役将军告诉笔者,中国是在向正确的方向推进,而美国却走在错误的道路上。中国与很多国家在商讨如何进一步放开市场,包括宏观层面和微观层面,以促进中国经济从出口导向型向消费导向型转变,这些都是一个国家的自信表现。相比之下,美国却在关闭大门,甚至连一位合格的领导人都选不出来。时间正在错过,美国变得无法像过去那样强大。

关于中国经济 很想知道中国在发生什么

“中国经济到底怎么样?”在美国期间,笔者每到访一家智库,都有学者问这样的话题。解读中国经济高官的讲话,成为当下美国智库的重要任务。美国战略与国际问题研究中心费和中国研究项目副主任甘思德拿出被他标划过的中国人民银行行长周小川接受中国媒体的专访,问笔者其中几段如何解读。甘思德说,这是周行长五个月来第一次讲话,必须中文、英文对照着读。没想到,两天后,甘思德就公开发表了一篇解读周小川访谈的文章。

无论怎么解读,对新常态下的中国经济发展现状的分析,在美国已呈现严重分歧。一是乐观派,主要以彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员尼古拉斯·拉迪、华尔街的史蒂芬·罗奇等为代表,他们认为中国的经济结构正在调整,消费正在增长,目前失业率不高,国民收入在逐渐提高。然而,这一派人数在美国并不多,一些先前的乐观派正在转向。二是悲观派,以华尔街杨思安、美国世界大型企业联合会等为代表。他们认为,中国地方债务问题非常严重,债务增长速度之快令人担忧。他们中有人甚至认为,中国的金融危机将无法避免。中国债务危机引发的另一个问题,就是人民币的贬值压力。三是批判派,重点关注中国经济政策的内容以及中国政府的话语表达和应对能力。甘思德认为,虽然中国短期内经济增长仍保持较快的速度,从目前中国政府的种种政策来看,如何与市场沟通是未来中国政策应对的巨大挑战,未来中国的经济预期并不乐观,即使不出现金融危机,也会出现类似日本“停滞的20年”。笔者回应说,正常的社会沟通中国政府一直在做,但目前一些舆论的干扰使得沟通成本大大增加,关键还在于是否形成改革的全力与长期的耐心,“国际舆论应对中国未来有信心”。

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