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美批中国搞“强权即公理”实质:规则必须美国定

2016-03-28 11:07:24   

3月10日,在南海海域航行的美国海军蓝岭号指挥舰。

美国批“强权即公理”,哪来的底气

沈丁立

不久前,美国太平洋舰队司令斯威夫特在澳大利亚就“印度洋-亚太海上安全”话题进行演讲时,不指名地说某些国家在这一地区推行军事化,“强权即公理”之弧正重新回到这个地区。由于这话出自美国军方高官之口,所以西方媒体说斯威夫特批评的显然是中国。但事实真的是这样吗?

“强权即公理”与中国无关

只要将美国的所作所为予以回顾,就可发现美国自己已为这句话做出绝好注脚。美国没有证据未获授权就敢侵略伊拉克,岂非“强权即公理”?美国在承认中国大陆为全中国唯一合法代表之后继续对台售武,若非“强权即公理”又是什么?因为古巴坚持走自己的道路,美国就对其进行长达半个世纪的制裁,更是赤裸裸的“强权即公理”。

相反,中国台海两岸的统一由于包括美国干涉在内的原因而尚未完成,中国对钓鱼列岛主权的正当诉求遭到美国的军事威胁,中国的南海诸岛面临一些国家蚕食的局面尚未扭转,这一切都表明着“强权即公理”与中国完全无关。

斯威夫特的这番话并不令笔者感到意外,无端指责中国“强权”的背后,是为了强调以自己为主导的国际规则。最近一段时间以来,美国政府一再提出,国际关系必须建立在基于规则的基础之上。美国总统奥巴马之前也一再指出,规则必须由美国而不是中国来制定。

对于国际社会必须具有规则这一点,各国都不会反对。一个无规则的无序社会,只会造成熵增失序,混乱失稳,社会失控,进而造成弱肉强食,人人自危,其结果将对多数成员不利。通过制定规则来达到有序治理,国家间的竞争就较有可能健康良性,国际关系就更有可能依规预见。

美国在历史上还颇有建章立制、依法办事的传统。从正面来看,美国在二战期间推动同盟国体系的建立,为推翻世界范围的法西斯主义建构了组织与法律体系。美国推动创立的联合国以及相应的集体安全制度,仍是当今国际安全的基石。美国所推动建立的世界银行与国际货币基金组织,长期发挥了稳定世界经济金融以及援助发展中国家的积极作用。所以,有事找美国,长期以来确为不少国家对外关系的样式。

美国为了本国利益屡屡为所欲为

但是,美国并不总是愿意建章立制、依法办事,尤其是在涉及主权、安全与人权等问题上。美国以其人权标准作为全球范式,但却以各种理由拒绝加入《儿童权利公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《残疾人权利公约》等一系列联合国核心人权公约。对于已经加入的国际协议,美国采取实用主义,动辄以国家利益为由退出,譬如它于2001年先后退出《反导条约》与《京都议定书》。美国要求中国遵守《联合国海洋法公约》,但它自己却迟迟没有批准该公约。

对于已经加入了的国际协定,美国为了国家利益也屡屡任性,屡屡违反。美国虽然加入了《1925年日内瓦协定》,但它在日后的国际冲突中不时使用毒气等化学武器甚至细菌武器,包括曾在越南和老挝使用各种化学毒气。美国虽与中国关系实现了“正常化”,但坚持对中国台湾售武,违反《联合国宪章》。美国于2003年对伊拉克发动的军事行动,既无联合国授权,亦无伊拉克在战前正在发展大规模毁伤性武器的证据,完全不符“先发制人”的条件。美国以武装手段悍然推翻他国政权,造成伊拉克严重的人道主义灾难,进而形成目前伊叙一带严重的恐怖主义动荡。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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