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曾经无比辉煌的洛阳和开封,如今为什么不如郑州?

2018-06-07 15:10:13   

武则天嫌麻烦,索性就长期在洛阳办公。洛阳地区急速发展,甚至超越了长安,成为唐朝真正的中心。

盛极必衰

公元755年,安史之乱爆发。叛军和唐军在河南地区鏖战,荼毒百姓,盛极一时的洛阳开始走下坡路。安史之乱以后,淮河与河北形成藩镇割据,到洛阳的运河逐渐废弃,加之唐末关东经济崩溃,洛阳昔日的繁华一去不返。

唐和五代之后的宋太祖赵匡胤开始想定都洛阳,因洛阳城太过衰败而且无法运粮作罢。随着汴梁漕运的发展,洛阳彻底失去了作为都城的价值。可以说,洛阳的衰落就是被一个城市抢去了风头,这个城市就是开封。

开封:成也黄河败也黄河

其实,开封建城的历史并不比洛阳晚很多。战国时期,魏惠王就曾经建都于此。在唐代,随着洛阳衰落,开封城则逐渐崛起。

开封相比洛阳更临近江淮,通济渠和黄河成为了这里连接江南和江淮的大动脉。开封接替洛阳,成了中原的交通中心。所以唐之后的五代和北宋,大都选择在此定都,看中的就是交通便利。

开封在北宋称为「东京」,是世界上一等一的国际大都市,繁华堪比今天日本的东京。「举目则青楼画阁,绣户珠帘」。著名的清明上河图上大大小小的商家和行人表现了那个年代开封的繁盛。

曾经无比辉煌的洛阳和开封,如今为什么衰落了?

汴梁一梦

相比于洛阳,开封盛期太短。1127年,金兵南下。北宋朝廷昏聩腐朽,不会用兵用人,竟然被金兵轻易占领开封城。金人在这里大肆烧杀抢劫,象征着皇家威严的北宋皇宫也不能幸免于难。

强盗们撤走了,留下的是满目疮痍,盛极一时的大相国寺变成了给难民施舍粥饭的贫民窟。蒙古崛起之后,作为金朝南京的开封又惨遭蒙古铁骑蹂躏。经历了这两次战乱,开封大伤元气。

开封衰败的更重要原因在于黄河。

曾经无比辉煌的洛阳和开封,如今为什么衰落了?

携带大量泥沙的黄河

随着环境的改变,黄河不断南移。这条滚滚的大河不断携带着泥沙冲向南方。开封的漕运遭破坏,曾经的黄金水道通济渠由于泥沙变成了一条废河。

到了明清再次开通大运河时,就放弃了河南,而改道山东。汴京的金光就这样黯淡了下去。开封因黄河成为中原的航运中心,也因为黄河而落寞。真是成也黄河败也黄河。

郑州:最后的大赢家

在清末近代化的大潮里,郑州捷足先登,远远地甩开了古老的开封和洛阳。

在甲午战争后,张之洞和盛宣怀着手修建京汉铁路。由于黄河这条地上悬河,平汉线选择走郑州而不是开封,这彻底改变了两座城市的命运。

而陇海线开通之后,郑州成了陇海和平汉两个铁路大动脉的交点,也成了清末民初中部地区最大的铁路枢纽之一。

曾经无比辉煌的洛阳和开封,如今为什么衰落了?

郑州北站,亚洲最大的铁路编组站

如今的郑州,依托河南广阔腹地和一亿人口,拥有亚洲最大的铁路编组站和首个国家级航空港,是中原地区毫无争议的领头羊。

责任编辑:费琪 CN001
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