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揭秘《清明上河图》历史密码:繁荣背后藏暗线

2018-07-11 09:45:39   光明网 

在扎实的研究基础上,余辉提出了一个新的观点:张择端欲通过《清明上河图》向宋徽宗展现一些社会顽疾。遗憾的是,宋徽宗仅是对该图的绘画技法表示肯定,却对其思想内涵没有兴趣,于是只在卷首题签后就将其赏赐出去了。

苫布、狼筅、骑射,画作细节是历史事件的记录

“宋本”、“明本”、“清院本”属同一绘画题材。在其内容变化的背后是当时的社会历史发生了重大变化。画中的许多细节并非画家凭空臆造出来的,它折射出社会历史的发展和变迁,“社会历史造就了它们,它们也反证了社会历史。”余辉如是说,比如:

“宋本”中有一种覆盖在独轮车上的苫布被称为“奇特的盖布”,先后两次出现。它讲述的是北宋激烈的党派角逐。仔细观察,这两块苫布其实是用绫或绢裱的大幅书法作品,字迹出现连笔,像是文人草书。余辉判断是从大屏风上撕拆下来的。这种东西本该是某大户人家或官府甚至是内府里大屏风上的书迹。结合史书上的相关记载,余辉分析,在书画繁盛的北宋时期,出现这种情况,必定是前朝参与党争的重臣在新朝受到排挤,因而殃及其翰墨。从时间上看,画中那些被当成苫布的书法极可能是被哲宗朝宣仁太后任用的旧党文人的手笔。哲宗亲政后,废黜旧党,那些趋炎附势者必定会一一拆除旧党在衙署或宅第里的笔墨作品。画中两辆独轮车上苫布遮盖的物品相同,都是大轴或书册之类,而且都是运往城外的。“北宋汴京城火禁严明,想必是到郊外焚毁。”

在“明本”里,城防能力被大大强化,城墙上有专供射箭用的城垛,无一有遗。包括水门在内的两个城门都有一个瓮城,一个兵卒持矛伫立在城门内的守备间里,门外竖立了三个标牌:“固守城池”、“盘诘奸细”、“左进右出”。显然,在这座繁华城市的背后潜藏着高度紧张的战事活动,即常有军事间谍入城从事谍报活动。门口的左右两排武器架上插放着刀枪剑戟,墙角还倚靠着四块盾牌。这里还画有明代抗倭特有的武器——狼筅,它是戚家军专为对付倭寇而发明的。此外,地上还堆放着三组铁球,说明这里还有火炮装备。城门外有三个大汉正在注视着进出的人群,有可能是便衣,在“宋本”和“清院本”里没有这样的人物。城门的另一侧是水门,暗藏千斤闸,门外有两个兵卒在守卫。画中城门内外的种种紧张的迹象,不难看出画家记录了那个时期为防御倭寇进犯留下的深刻时代烙印。

“清院本”的前半段,与运河平行的是长长的禁军校场,骑手们正在轮番练习骑射,演武场的尽头是检阅台,一位禁军头领端坐其上,各路领军佩刀侍立两侧,一值日官执小旗跪地禀报。左侧旗台五官伫立,右侧旗台鼓号齐鸣,左侧旗台上的官员们挎刀而立。浩浩荡荡的阵势引得许多百姓聚集围观。画中的马匹为清一色的蒙古马,可谓兵强马壮,清代盛期的军力和国力之强,可见一斑。骑射是满族的“长技”,清初几位皇帝一直督促八旗子弟的武功活动,乾隆皇帝登基伊始就加强八旗兵的骑射训练,整饬武备。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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