四大春老大花汉春考古:化妆这件事是怎么开始的?

2018-12-24 17:19:11   消费日报网 

从化妆到化妆品,花汉春等四大春老牌继承了哪些精华?

上古时代,中国妇女的化妆习惯在夏、商、周三代已经开始兴起,而我国古代妇女化妆的主要原料是铅粉。商周时期化妆可能局限于宫廷妇女,主要为了供君主欣赏享受的需要而装扮,直到东周春秋战国时期,化妆才在平民妇女中逐渐流行。殷商时期,因配合化妆而发明了铜镜,更加促进化妆习俗的盛行。因为铅粉是古代妇女化妆的基本材料,而晋雀的《古今注》中说:“三代以铅为粉。”在殷纣时期,就开始用燕地红蓝花捣汁凝成胭脂(当时叫燕支);秦汉时期的《神农本草经》也提到铅丹和粉锡,都说明在商周前后已能制造铅粉和红黄色的铅丹,周文王时,妇女已广泛使用锌粉擦脸。而考古学家在河南安阳殷墟出土的商代宫廷贵族女子的生活用具中,除了梳子、铜镜、耳勺、匕等之外,还出现了一套研磨朱砂用的玉石杵及调色盘似的物品,上面都沾有朱砂,这都足以说明我国妇女的化妆最晚在商代已经出现。

从商代时期被定型成使用型的化妆品如铅粉、锌粉等,其实都是属于重金属,有一定的毒性,长期使用皮肤会变黑变差,这个在古代妇女的使用过程中她们也意识到了。在手作逐渐形成商机之后,如“四大春”等老牌便抓住了这个机会进行了改良。

古代真正高档的妆粉,都是在铅粉作为基底的基础上,再配以名贵香料,并且加有几味修护皮肤、润肌养颜的药料来改善原来的缺点,精制为更有护肤效果的养颜妆粉。老人们记忆里的“清代北京的一些名牌化妆品如花汉春等,是采用前店后厂的方式,自行对铅粉进行加工。其具体工序便是把铅粉加入适当香料,用水调成浆糊状,然后通过小漏斗,泻漏到纱布上,形成一个个荸荠大小、窝头型的粉团,俗称‘窝头粉’。用水研开,涂于脸上,既香又白。因为这种粉块的形状也如同滴落的梨形珠粒,所以还获得了一个更优雅的名称‘滴珠宫粉’或‘滴珠香粉’。”这是在民间妇女中流行的脂粉,具有白嫩肌肤、芳香双颊的功效。当代作家王永滨所著《北京的商业街和老字号》(1999年)中,关于花汉春的妆粉也有这样的介绍:“自产的各种香粉选料精良,制作认真,香气持久,味正,白的洁白,红的鲜红,因之,驰名京城,在光绪年间,曾供应清皇宫内使用。”花汉春这“又香又白”“气味持久”的京粉,除了紫茉莉花种以外,还根据不同的方子、不同的级别,分别加入了蜜陀僧、白檀、麝香、轻粉、白芷、鹰条、金银箔、珍珠、龙脑香等不同具有养颜润肤功效的中药原料,这样才能“轻白红香,四样俱美”。

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