清华简十年:古书重现与古史新探

2018-12-24 11:17:23   光明日报 

历史上一些著名的古族与古国在这一时期迁徙、发展与融合的过程,也可以在清华简中找到记载。《系年》第三章记载了周成王平定三监之乱后,曾将秦人从商奄迁徙到邾吾,十分明确地讲秦人来自于东方,颠覆了过往对秦人起源的认识。出自楚人自记的《楚居》篇则详细叙述了楚国的族源,包括先君季连的降生、楚人称号的得名以及历代国君在南方迁徙与发展的过程等,为研究楚国的历史提供了前所未知的珍贵史料。

4.丰富了春秋史研究的材料

春秋时期是中国早期社会剧烈变革的一个重要阶段。对这一时期历史的认识,由于有《左传》《国语》等文献的支撑,相对而言是比较明晰的。但是我们也必须认识到,《左传》《国语》对春秋历史的记述并非面面俱到。正如童书业所说,“晋、楚两国的历史是一部《春秋》的中坚”。《春秋》与《左传》记晋楚之事尤为详尽,其他诸侯国则明显要逊色得多。《国语》虽有八国之语21卷,但其中仅《晋语》就独占9卷,甚至根本就没有“秦语”,这与秦国在春秋时期的历史地位也是不相匹配的。

幸运的是,清华简中新发现了多篇属于“语”类的春秋文献,可以大大弥补《左传》《国语》的不足。其中记载秦穆公与楚国申公子仪对话的《子仪》,开篇讲“既败于崤”,从省略的主语“秦穆公”或“秦”来看,应是一篇佚失的“秦语”。而《郑武夫人规孺子》《郑文公问太伯》等有关郑国的古书或可归为“郑语”,提供的认识远远超过了《左传》《史记》的记载,进一步丰富了我们对春秋时期中原地区的文化状况与政治形势的认知。而有关晋国的记载虽然已经很丰富,但史料的发现当然是多多益善。清华简中的《子犯子馀》《晋文公入于晋》讲述了晋文公重耳流亡、复国以及一战而霸的历史。《赵简子》则是晋国赵简子始为卿入朝,范献子与成鱄对其训导劝诫的文辞。这些大概都属于“晋语”。最值得注意的是《越公其事》一篇,其中讲吴越争霸的内容大都可与《国语》的“吴语”“越语”对读,显示了它们之间密切的关系。除了丰富的“语”类文献,史书《系年》篇对于重建春秋史也有较大价值。该篇以类似“纪事本末体”的形式对春秋时期主要诸侯国的兴衰更替进行了详细描述,许多地方可以纠正传世史料的错误。

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