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最高法副院长谈于欢案:如何适用正当防卫制度

2017-06-26 08:28:48   最高人民法院官网

原标题:我们应当如何适用正当防卫制度

今年3月23日,《南方周末》以“刺死辱母者”为题对“山东于欢案”进行了报道,经过新闻媒体和网络媒体转载,案件引发了社会广泛关注和热烈讨论。日前,该案已经山东高院二审公开审理并作出终审判决。作为一个司法案件的处理,已经尘埃落定,无论每个人的看法如何,希望大家能够尊重司法机关依法作出的判决。该案的审判,无疑是一堂全民共享的法治“公开课”,新闻媒体、专家学者和广大民众参与其中,见仁见智,各抒己见,精彩纷呈。社会各界关注司法机关的个案裁判,关心司法公正,这是法治发展的必然结果,也是法治建设取得明显成效的一种体现。这场讨论的关注焦点多元,涉及到情、理、法的方方面面,事关刑事司法的公平正义与民众的司法认同。但就具体法律适用而言,正当防卫制度显然是其中的核心问题。透过这场讨论可以发现,如何正确适用正当防卫制度,确保司法裁判法律效果和社会效果的有机统一,是摆在当前刑事审判工作面前的一项重要课题。

虽然法治社会对私力报复行为是否定的,但在公权力不能及时而有效地介入的特定时空范围内,面对不法侵害,防卫行为无论在法律上和道义上都有其正当性。因而,作为一项重要的法律制度,正当防卫在近现代各国的刑法中大多有专门规定。我国亦不例外,1979年刑法即对正当防卫制度作了专条规定。然而,司法实践中对这一重要法律制度的适用并不理想,基本情况是,一方面对正当防卫掌握过严,另一方面对防卫过当适用过宽。“孙明亮案”就是当年影响十分巨大的一个案例。1984年6月25日晚8时许,孙明亮偕同其友蒋小平去看电影,在电影院门口看到郭鹏祥等三人尾追纠缠两名少女,遂上前制止并发生争执。争执中,蒋小平动手打了郭鹏祥一拳。后郭鹏祥等纠集多人拦截孙明亮、蒋小平进行报复,其中郭小平手持砖块与同伙一起助威,郭鹏祥主动进攻,对蒋小平面部猛击一拳。蒋小平挨打后,与孙明亮退到垃圾堆上,郭鹏祥仍继续扑打,孙明亮掏出随身携带的弹簧刀(孙明亮系郊区菜农,因晚上在菜地看菜,在市场上买来此刀防身)将郭鹏祥刺伤致死。1984年11月,甘肃平凉地区中级法院认定孙明亮在打架斗殴中,持刀伤害他人致死,后果严重,以故意伤害罪判处有期徒刑十五年。宣判后,孙明亮未上诉,平凉地区检察院以一审判决定性不准,量刑失轻为由,向甘肃高级法院提出抗诉。后甘肃省检察院认为抗诉不当,决定撤回抗诉,一审判决发生法律效力。该案后经甘肃高院提审,认定孙明亮的行为属于防卫过当,在法定刑以下减轻处罚,以故意伤害罪改判孙明亮有期徒刑二年,缓刑三年。如果以1997年修订后刑法来考量,孙明亮的行为完全符合刑法第二十条第三款关于无过当防卫之规定,将其认定为正当防卫亦无不妥。但是,在当时的法律规定和司法环境之下,甘肃高院作出上述裁决已属不易。该案例于1985年经《最高人民法院公报》第2期公开发布,对于准确认定相互斗殴和正当防卫、正当防卫和防卫过当,起到了重要的指引作用。针对司法实践中存在的问题,1997年刑法修订,对正当防卫制度作出重大修改,主要是进一步严格了防卫过当的成立条件,增加了无过当防卫的规定。修法的基本目的是强化正当防卫权,鼓励民众实施正当防卫,勇于同犯罪行为作斗争。

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