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美国的“战车体制”与结构性冲突下的中美关系

2017-08-30 15:36:53   瞭望智库

冷战结束之后,从大中东失序到美国刻意挤压俄罗斯再到美国围堵中国,世界更加不太平了。美国为何如此这般无休止地折腾全世界?

冷战之初美国战略家对于苏联行为特征的分析,现在完全可以套在美国自己身上——一辆停不下来的战车,除非遇到强大阻力。美国是一个资本权力怪兽所驱动的永动机式“战车体制”,其对外扩张的动力更甚于前苏联;而“战车体制”强化了300年来的世界体系,当然这个世界体系也助推了“战车体制”。

文|杨光斌

本文转载自“环球时报”,不代表瞭望智库观点。

1,美国行为的国内根源:“战车体制”

美国人自称“原则与利益”是其对外政策的两个标准。但在我看来,“普世价值”原则只是一种美丽言说,否则上世纪90年代那个已符合其“普世价值”即实行了“自由市场”“自由民主”的俄罗斯,为何依然遭到美国无情挤压?

当我们感受到美国威胁时,美国国内也深受其体制之害,最强大的利益集团“军事工业复合体”绑架了美国政治制度。枪支泛滥导致美国每年死伤3万人左右,美国参议院虽也表决要控枪,但结果可想而知。美国宪法规定,只有达到2/3多数才能修改宪法相关条款,但哪项利益能让2/3绝对多数政治人物达成一致意见呢?“绝对多数”规定看起来多么尊重民主,但它恰恰是限制民主的条款。

其结果是,形成于农业社会时代的宪政体制根本性地约束着大众权益而最有力地保护着寡头利益。二战后军人出身的美国总统艾森豪威尔不慎一语道破天机——美国最强大的寡头力量无疑是“军事工业复合体”,即这样一个政治生物链条:军工企业(包括众多研发机构)——选民——议员——政治企业家。战争停止以后,这个链条靠什么维持下去?路径依赖——没有敌人也要找出新的敌人。

2,美国行为的世界政治时代性

“战车体制”之所以还有生命力,不得不从世界政治中寻找根源。只有理解300年世界政治史,才能明白中美关系的结构性张力以及美国不停寻找敌人以维持“战车体制”的战略动力所在。

300年世界政治史就是资本权力主宰世界政治的过程。第一个100年即18世纪,开启了西方国内政治的资本主义化,市场“脱嵌”于社会并凌驾于社会之上,成为主宰国内政治权力的资本权力。第二个100年(19世纪)则是世界政治的资本主义化,形成了全球资本主义化的殖民体系。

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