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外媒:印度经济无法超越中国,差距越来越大

2017-08-16 15:05:32   参考消息网

核心提示:正如税制改革滞后一样,出台振兴工业和吸引外资的具体政策也颇费时间。一些在印度的美国外交人士认为,莫迪政府的目标已经“不可能完成”。

参考消息网8月16日报道 日媒称,一直备受关注的亚洲大国印度正在发愁。印度从7月开始征收商品服务税,莫迪总理的改革实质上已经拉开帷幕,但完善基础设施和振兴工业的进程仍处于停滞状态。不仅与中国的差距越拉越大,后面还有东南亚和南亚新兴国家紧追不舍。

据日本《选择》月刊8月号文章,商品服务税是否会像国大党副主席拉胡尔·甘地所说“以闹剧收场”还需要时间的检验。但税制改革再次向世界暴露了印度经济的问题所在。国内生产成本居高不下,外资流入迟缓,工业基础尚未成形。

印度一直被称为“下一个大国”,这是因为其竞争对手中国正面临巨大的老龄化、少子化压力,而印度的人口结构正处于“即将进入黄金时代”的理想模式。

当然,养活劳动年龄人口的前提是需要有充足的就业岗位。2014年就任的莫迪总理以“印度制造”为口号,承诺将让脆弱的印度工业焕然一新。他提出的颇具野心的目标是,“到2022年,将工业在国内生产总值(GDP)中所占份额提高到25%(截至去年是16%),新增1亿个就业岗位”。

但是正如税制改革滞后一样,出台振兴工业和吸引外资的具体政策也颇费时间,一些在印度的美国外交人士认为,莫迪政府的目标已经“不可能完成”。

就在莫迪政府磨磨蹭蹭之际,世界经济版图已经发生剧烈变化。“下一个”迅猛发展的不是印度,而是东南亚和南亚各国。

最新统计数据显示,印度的工业产出今年5月仅增长1.7%,这与中国今年6月规模以上工业增加值同比增长7.6%相比差距很大。越南1月的增幅是7.1%,孟加拉国去年12月的增幅是7.4%,印度的亚洲邻国们呈现出一片快速增长之势。

即使从长期看,中国1990年到2017年的工业平均增长率为12.37%,而印度1994年到2017年的这一数据是6.61%,根本没办法竞争。

拿中国和印度作比较,总会提到这句话,“中国是世界工厂,印度是世界的后勤办公室”。相对于以制造业出口为重点的中国,印度擅长的是呼叫中心服务、信息技术(IT)和软件开发。“数字印度”是莫迪政府的另一个口号,印度在这方面也的确实力雄厚。除了拥有印孚瑟斯有限公司等世界知名的IT企业外,印度还涌现出微软首席执行官萨蒂亚·纳德拉和谷歌首席执行官孙达尔·皮柴这样的业界顶尖人才。但IT部门的雇员人数,包括关联行业在内也才将近1000万。要想支撑13亿人口的就业,还是要靠大量生产和大量雇人的制造业。

工业的缺位让印度的品牌力量也难有增长。根据调查,全球排名靠前的工业产品无一来自印度品牌。

也有观点指出,莫迪政府和其周围的财阀、经济界人士对印度工业的疲弱负有重大责任。对印投资居首的是印度洋上的避税天堂毛里求斯,占到了全部投资的20%。原因在于印度财阀将公司利益置于国家利益之上,从而产生了这种规模巨大的迂回投资。

即便是在颇让印度人自豪的IT行业也出现了“摆脱印度”的征兆。在靠给全球IT行业做外包发展起来的班加罗尔,今年以来由于IT企业纷纷将基地迁至海外,据说有近10万人将失去工作。

进军印度的日本企业虽然在去年终于超过了1300家,但是与在中国的3.2万家根本没有可比性。在世界银行发布的营商环境排行榜上,印度只排在第130位。如果这一排名没有上升,那么将很难驳倒英国《经济学人》周刊称“莫迪总理的改革虚有其表”的批评言论。

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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