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朝核,世界从未见过的危机

2017-09-18 16:37:18   环球时报

世界从未经历过朝核问题这样的危机:朝鲜不仅与美国尖锐对立,而且蔑视联合国安理会的权威。特朗普总统在上任之前大概对自己能够轻易处理这个问题充满信心,但他现在或许是被朝核问题搞得最疲惫的一位美国总统。平壤对他软硬不吃,他的威胁被嗤之以鼻,他对平壤曾有的克制表现的表扬后者同样无动于衷。

最重要的是,平壤没有后台,中俄两国均参与了对它严厉制裁。另外平壤现有的核力量以及远程打击能力都尚不成熟,按说一时还成不了华盛顿的对手。但是现在华盛顿真的拿平壤没招,而且世界也对解决朝核问题一筹莫展。

朝鲜与美国的实力相差如此悬殊,“世界”与朝鲜的实力差距就更大了。但目前朝鲜却似乎做到了“单挑”美国乃至“全世界”,实现了某种“平衡”。

设想一下,如果美国加安理会共同这样施压其他任何一个朝鲜这样规模的国家,大概都能够很容易把它压服。但是朝鲜成了例外。

根本原因在于,对朝鲜施加的压力并非都指向要求它弃核,半岛无核化是一个口号,围绕它派生出来很多其他目标,那些目标使得国际努力出现混乱,从而为朝鲜将核导活动坚持下去提供了空间。

真正只想让朝鲜弃核的,大概首推中国。自朝核危机爆发以来,两次达成解决问题的协议,但克林顿政府和小布什政府对执行协议显得有些三心二意,先后两次毁掉了与朝鲜达成的协议,双方互指对方欺骗了自己。之后朝美彼此再不信任对方,国际谈判机制崩塌。

美韩一直讨厌朝鲜政权,韩国还有在首尔主导下统一半岛的目标,希望通过施压导致朝鲜内乱和现政权垮台是对美韩挥之不去的诱惑。美韩“想得过多”,会在不同的时间点上以各种方式显现出来。

平壤也会随着核导技术进步“越想越多”。一开始平壤发展核导技术仅仅是为了狭义上的安全,也就是阻止美韩对其实施颠覆行动。所以在六方会谈早期朝方对华盛顿提供明确的安全保障非常坚持。但是时至今日,美国如果只保证不进攻朝鲜,恐怕已经不能满足平壤的要求了。平壤会要求与“核国家”相称的国际权利和发展优势。

平壤大概觉得,“现实”已经改变,它手里已经拥有了核武器和被认为能够威胁美国目标的导弹,它的谈判筹码增加了。

今天要求朝鲜主动放弃核武器和中远程导弹,肯定意味着美国及其盟友要付出比20年前以及十多年前多得多的政治代价。美韩习惯了对朝军事施压的简单老套做法,当时华盛顿就觉得换个思路在政治上“太昂贵了”,对朝经济补偿也“很亏”。今天它会觉得更贵。

美韩追求朝核问题对它们来说的“最好结局”,是它们成为“胜利者”,在政治上“一毛不拔”,经济上也尽量少付出。很长时间里它们还试图在解决朝核问题的过程中“搂草打兔子”,比如加强美日韩三方军事合作,扩大美国全球反导系统,削弱中国的地区影响力等等。

朝核问题走到今天,原来的东北亚可能已被永久地“搅乱了”。要形成一个新的稳定状态,各方恐怕都要承受一定损失,共同为这十几年的变局埋单。谁都不应再试图做“最大赢家”,各方应当以“止损”为基本思路,不求最好,但求“不最坏”,妥协必不可少。

战争显然是最坏情况,局势持续紧张则会拖累东北亚,也让华盛顿下不来台。而无论朝鲜很难受,还是美国很难受,整个地区都得陪着难受。这当中任何一方从中渔利的空间都很小。所以各方都应回到半岛无核化最初的起点,已经折腾一路了,心该静下来了。

责任编辑:孙启浩 CN037
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