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中国制造业成长的烦恼:为什么留不住人?

2017-09-24 07:31:52   中国经济网

最近跟制造业工厂的主管座谈,企业感到痛苦的问题之一,就是用人。一方面用工成本在上升——这中间有其合理性,比如劳动力成本上升的刚性。实际上企业觉得最痛苦的倒不是工人工资福利的提升,甚至也乐于为此多支付一些。问题在于,企业留不住员工。我们到访的企业主管说,在企业所在的工业区,通常来说各家工厂每到八九个月就要换一批人。他们算是福利待遇不错的,但员工平均在职时间也就一年多一些。这种现实逼得企业不得不加快机器换人的进度,推动智能制造有了现实紧迫性。问题又来了:与智能制造相关的人才供给始终不足,包括各类技术工人。

应该说,这几年就业形势之好超出预期。经济增速持续下行,每年的新增就业却不断创出新高,连续几年保持在1300万人以上,今年前8个月新增近千万人就业。这得益于就业优先战略,有赖于新旧动能的持续转换和产业结构调整。2014年第三产业增加值占GDP比重首次超过第二产业,2016年第三产业增加值占比升至51.6%。第三产业吸纳就业的能力更强,这可以部分解释经济下行,新增就业反而上升的“就业之谜”。

不过这并不表明我们在就业问题上可以安枕无忧。9月20日召开的国务院常务会议指出,当前我国仍处在就业需求高峰期和供需结构性矛盾凸显期,必须持续加大促进就业力度。正在加速转型升级的制造业面对的用工困扰,或许正是这种矛盾的典型表现。

制造业转型升级离不开智能制造,机器换人会出现在各种制造场景和生产线上,很多人工操作的动作被机器取代势所必然。在此进程中,企业需要适应于智能制造的新技术工人,企业自身的培训体系可以解决部分需求,但绝大部分供给还是来自于市场。恰恰在这方面,供需之间的错位不小。企业头疼的是找不到与智能制造匹配的人才。想必决策部门也注意到了这个问题。20日的国务院常务会议对此有针对性安排,提出促进职业教育专业设置、课程内容等与产业升级、社会需求对接等等,目的就是为缓解就业结构性矛盾创造条件。从企业角度看,这其实是供给升级,是另一种供给革命。

从员工角度看,那些因为机器而离开原有岗位的人员,他们希望获得更能体现出人的能力和价值的岗位。这也是智能制造或者机器换人的隐含意义。跟我们座谈的工厂主管说,一部分员工在培训后可能留在生产线上从事更有技术含量的工作,另一部分人需要寻找新的岗位——这是一个渐进的过程,这个过程意味着新技能的学习和知识的获得,否则无论是自主创业,从事服务业或者进入某个新行业,他们中的一部分都可能面对更难的现实。这个转型时代告诉我们最确定无疑的一件事就是,当改变成为常态,再也没有一劳永逸,劳动者需要终身的职业技能培训。关键在于,这样一个职业技能培训体系如何建立。这不仅是企业的责任,更是社会与政府的责任。

当然在那位工厂主管的讲述中,我们还能感受到到另外的烦恼。他感叹制造业留不住人,十多年间他看到太多人离开。他说现在很多人不愿做苦功——很多时候制造业是笨功夫,要踏踏实实往前走。这种烦恼其实是宏观意义上的,当然这是一种成长的烦恼。中国经济结构调整意味着就业结构正在发生深刻变化。2016年,第三产业就业人员占比已达43.5%,这一趋势还会继续。但我们不能忽视制造业面对的烦恼,因为它将决定一个国家的全球竞争力。正如工信部部长苗圩所说,没有高度发达的制造业,服务业发展就缺乏强有力的支撑;没有坚实的实体经济,服务业发展将成为无本之木。我们应该解好这道题,即让各类人才愿意留在制造业,这包括一线工人,也包括各类科研人员和管理人才。就全局而论,这是仅靠企业不可能完成的任务。中国仍处在全球制造业第三梯队,“中国制造2025”已经确定了由制造大国到制造强国的行动纲领,完成这一鲤鱼跃龙门式的迭代,需要人才资源和人力资源稳定而持续的支持,这也是中国制造最大的活力和潜力所在。

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