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奋进中的洋河

2017-09-08 21:21:53   中国经济网

特约作者 唐朝/文

2017年上半年,洋河股份(002304.SZ)业绩稳定增长,实现营业收入115.3亿元,同比增长13.12%;归属于上市公司股东的净利润39.1亿元,同比增长14.15%。

公司资产负债表简单清晰:总资产360亿元,其中,类现金资产130亿元、存货116亿元、生产资产108亿元、其他4亿元。有息负债几近为零——这么简单透明的报表,看着舒心。

白酒行业强者恒强

公司财报对白酒行业形势的看法是“大众消费持续升级,白酒行业进入新一轮增长期,高端、次高端白酒产品价量齐升,中低档白酒产品销售稳步增长”。白酒行业的整体形势真的有这么乐观吗?

我们先来看看全部19家白酒业上市公司的整体情况。

营业收入座次排名和往年没有什么变化。贵州茅台(600519.SH)、五粮液(000858.SZ)、洋河作为第一集团军,与跟随者的差距进一步拉大,行业呈现强者恒强态势。

净利润格局同样如此。上半年,19家白酒企业合计赚到净利润约250亿元。其中贵州茅台一家独大,独占约45%净利润,五粮液和洋河合计又占35%出头,三巨头拿走八成有余;紧随其后的老窖、古井贡、汾酒、今世缘、口子窖、迎驾6家酒企切走17%出头;剩余不足3%由其他10家企业分享。

总体来看,高端和次高端确实出现量价齐升,但中低端并不乐观。这也是白酒行业自2014年之后呈现的明显特征:高端酒受茅台供不应求带动,出现强劲复苏态势。中低端白酒则艰难如旧。这也是发生在我们身边的消费升级:伴随着收入提升,人们对白酒的要求成了少喝酒+喝好酒。

白酒业的投资逻辑其实比较简单,属于典型的一尺跨栏。

首先,虽然都叫白酒,但并非完全同质化产品,存在着口味、香型和情感认同的差异,因此,行业内几乎看不见恶性价格竞争(尤其是高端),市场参与者更多的利用产品差异性吸引消费者,从而整体性获得高毛利率。

其次,作为社交辅助产品,餐桌上饮用什么酒,要么由聚会中身份地位较高者(往往也是收入和消费水平较高的)的口味决定,要么由饭局买单者的钱包承受力上限决定,天然具有消费升级的拉动效应。

然后,由于人有味蕾记忆,加上由俭入奢易、由奢入俭难的本性,人们的白酒消费历程就是伴随着年龄、地位和收入的增长,从被影响到自主引用,再到影响别人的完整过程。

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