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述评:警惕创新异化的外部效应——共享单车“美国路”引发的思考

2017-09-08 19:56:45   新华网

新华社华盛顿9月8日电 述评:述评:警惕创新异化的外部效应——共享单车“美国路”引发的思考

新华社记者金旼旼 高攀

北京交通管理部门7日宣布,暂停在本地新增投放共享单车。至此,包括上海、深圳、广州、北京4个一线城市在内,中国共有12个城市先后宣布暂停共享单车的新增投放。在共享单车已成为中国“现象级”共享经济产业的今天,此举折射出多地政府已经意识到并开始应对创新异化给城市管理带来的挑战。

有统计显示,自去年4月第一辆摩拜单车投放至今年5月底,中国共享单车企业超过50家。2016年11月到2017年5月,全国共享单车数量增长超过50倍。北京市交通委的数据显示,迄今,北京市投放运营的共享单车数量已达235万辆。

美国是共享经济的发源地,无论是提供共享汽车服务的优步,还是提供共享住房服务的爱彼迎,均已从美国走向世界。但是,技术门槛最低的共享单车在美国却没有铺开。

8月初,美国共享单车企业Spin被迫取消了一场原定在纽约举行的共享单车展示活动,原因是纽约市交通局拒绝这种自带GPS、无需停入固定车位的橙色单车进入纽约。“我们期待拥抱新技术,但必须以安全有序的方式进行。”纽约市交通局长波莉·特罗滕伯格如是说。

即便是在对这一新生事物最为友好的西雅图,Spin、LimeBike和中国的ofo小黄车目前一共也仅投放了两千余辆共享单车,并已遭到非议和不小的阻力。

对比共享单车在中美两国发展的不同,可以发现决定共享单车发展命运的,并非仅有科技因素,还有公共管理因素。美国并非不具备发展共享单车的技术条件,其主要障碍来自公共管理压力。对中国来说,美国共享单车发展过程中的阻力和障碍,正是中国“爆炸式”发展中应进一步重视的问题。

共享经济具有商业和公共利益双重属性,还涉及到既有经济利益的再分配,并非是一个不需要外力干预便能实现平稳运行的自发经济秩序。科技和商业创新固然值得支持,但防止共享经济放任发展走向异化,提防创新异化带来的巨大外部效应也应成为政策制定的重要考量。

城市公共交通改善关乎重大公共利益,理应由政府主导。共享单车涉及占用城市公共空间、关乎城市公共出行效率。因此,其发展的速度和规模均应服从城市公共交通管理的全局。

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