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防止共享单车变成“脏资源”

2017-09-05 07:21:43   中国青年网

防止共享单车变成“脏资源”

□ 本报评论员 杨于泽

自去年12月登陆武汉,共享单车发展可谓迅猛,迄今摩拜、ofo等5家企业共在全市投放近70万辆单车。武汉市交委昨日称这一规模已严重超出武汉城市承载能力,宣布暂停共享单车企业新的投放。

对共享单车规模进行总量控制并非武汉的“发明”,此前已有杭州、广州、上海、深圳等多地相继叫停新的投放,北京也授权各城区实行总量限制。对于控制总量,社会上有着各种争议,但每座城市对共享单车存在承载能力上限,这基本上已是共识。一旦达到上限,有关部门宣布暂停投放,就不仅合情合理,而且很有必要。

共享单车给城市居民带来了出行便利,甚至还成了中国对外输出的一种“互联网+”服务。但随着若干共享单车企业对一二线城市的规模攻势,不少一二线城市的共享单车已经在数量上成灾,有人干脆将其称为“脏资源”。即共享单车已经由提供交通便利走向反面,在一定程度上变成妨碍交通、碍手碍脚,所谓“负外部效应”逐渐明显。

实行总量控制意味着政府“看得见的手”的干预,而在某些自由市场论者看来,一座城市到底应当投入多少共享单车应由企业自己决定,实行自由竞争。但不管共享单车市场能否通过自由竞争达到一个供需与价格上的均衡,目前已有苗头表明,共享单车在一些城市已接近变成“脏资源”、负资产的临界点,有关部门除了实施总量控制,暂时也没有更好的办法。

事实上,共享单车市场出现“市场失灵”几乎是必然的。共享单车并不是完全市场化的,它要成为一种“互联网+”服务,必须占有城市公共道路与空间。当人们骑行一辆共享单车的时候,人们除了租用那辆单车,还占用了城市公共道路与空间及其秩序。但城市公共道路与空间资源是有限的,在共享单车这个市场中,政府不是局外人。

而且目前所谓市场竞争并非优胜劣汰的竞争,而仅仅是一场“跑马圈地”。车企最在乎的,是募集尽可能多的资金,占有尽可能大的市场。他们对提供什么样的产品与服务、对企业管理并不上心,他们可以眼看着自己投放的共享单车被弃沟壑,甚至也不关心回报。这样一个行业能够维持多久,现在殊难逆料,但过度投放的共享单车变成“脏资源”,倒是一种实实在在的社会风险。

据研究机构研究,武汉共享单车承载量是约60万辆,现在暂停新的投放有充分的科学依据。允许无限制投放、搞自由放任式竞争,无非是放任市场失灵。既然存在市场失灵,政府及时介入,本质是一种“职能补位”。既然每座城市的共享单车承载量存在上限,当投放总量已触及上限,如果政府不闻不问,那才是一种不负责任的做法。

实行总量控制,目的不是压制市场竞争,相反政府恐怕还是想实现压力传导,使车企提供的产品与服务尽可能与人们的需求对接。每家车企都应当善尽勤勉尽责义务,在用户体验、负外部性控制上做文章。总量控制只是政府监管的一项基础性工作,一方面政府要加大管理与服务力度,另一方面也要切实将压力传导到车企,引导这个行业可持续地发展。

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