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共享单车,“鱼和熊掌”都要行不行

2017-09-08 07:41:45   中国经济网

继上海、广州、深圳之后,北京终于在9月7日表态,暂停新增投放共享单车。目前,北京有15家共享单车企业,投放运营车辆达235万辆,这大大超过了此前市场的预期。

对于共享单车,地方政府的态度很明确,是一种非常好的出行方式,问题在于管理。因此,过去一年,共享单车野蛮生长,成为一种现象,同时也成为一种乱象。对此,政府部门心知肚明,但表现出了对新鲜事物的体制性包容,这种鼓励创新的氛围无疑是正能量,但监管只是被推迟,而没有取消。监管只是一个时间问题,市场一直在等靴子落地。

如今,总量控制的闸门缓缓落下,自此无论是政府监管还是企业运营,精细化都是大势所趋。停放秩序、车辆安全、电子围栏等都将是企业下一步的竞争所在。在此之前,共享单车不以技术创新为导向,因为成本太高,风险太大,并且用户并不在意,所以规模是第一定律,市场密度高的一方更容易胜出。而在此之后,监管作为新的变量出现,市场的游戏规则已经改变,所谓一步领先,步步领先,先发的两大巨头,摩拜和ofo,朝着寡头方向进化,市场的寡头竞争色彩将更加浓烈,中小共享单车企业洗牌加速。但消费者无需担心,在一个进出自由的市场里,寡头竞争是最好的竞争。

不同于网约车所引发的新旧秩序之间的严重碰撞,共享单车基本上是增量,它没有对什么既得利益造成冲击,因此不会产生有组织的对抗。它的问题在于对公共秩序的挤压,不过“公地悲剧”使得人们尽管不满,却也没有动力去纠正。但随着资本的推波助澜,共享单车越到最后,人们越发现这首先是个公共议题,不解决它的公共性,商业价值就如同空中楼阁,因为共享单车存在着显而易见的外部性,存在着企业受益、社会买单的溢出成本,这将导致市场失灵。

矫正外部性,让隐性成本显性化,是政府的公共责任,这也是为什么各地方政府在“放水养鱼”一段时间后必须让监管归位,通过制度设计,建立起有约束力的社会信用体系,让法治精神和契约精神成为刚性的规则。规则松弛,就会放纵人们的欲望,所以讨论的重心不在道德审判,而在制度供给。对于共享单车,一个有为政府应该完善基础设施建设,合理规划梳理路权,建立友好的城市骑车环境,使得共享单车的出行有章可循、有规可守、有法可依。

贵为中国的“新四大发明”之一,共享单车的群众基础和市场前景尚无减弱的迹象,寡头企业所需要做的是,如何在便利消费者的使用需求与导向公共秩序井然之间建立一种可能性。鱼和熊掌都要,行不行?

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