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降准的必要性有多大?

2017-09-06 07:32:02   中国经济网

阎岳

关于要不要调整存款准备金率的问题,现在市场上有一些讨论。不支持降准的声音认为,这与当前的总体基调不符。支持降准的声音则认为,现在的一些指标表明降准已经具备了相当的条件。

支持与不支持降准的双方都注意到了商业银行超额准备金率持续下行这一现象,目前这一指标在1.5%左右。

比较低的超额准备金率是怎么形成的呢?这与银行体系对超额存款准备金的需求降低有关。双平均法考核存款准备金、SLF、自动质押融资工具、公开市场操作频率提升等措施的施行,从制度上保障了商业银行可以及时从央行获得流动性支持,对超额存款准备金的预防性需求明显降低。

对超额准备金下降的问题,央行的态度比较明确:这并不意味着银行体系流动性收紧和货币政策取向发生变化。换句话说,这种变化是央行不断完善货币政策操作框架所形成的,是一种制度红利。

央行参事盛松成在8月中旬也曾表示,目前超储率已经很低了,应该说降准是完全可能的。但降准最大的问题是释放的宽松信号意义太强,与当前总体基调不符,而且降准以后短期内是不能再升准的。他判断,央行更乐于通过SLF、MLF、PSL等一系列货币政策工具来达到增加货币供应量的目的。

那么,央行对于当前流动性的态度又是怎样的呢?央行在今年第二季度货币政策执行报告中强调,通过综合运用公开市场操作、MLF等工具,保持了银行体系流动性基本稳定。“总体看,稳健中性的货币政策取得了较好效果。”央行强调。

对于当前的国际经济形势,央行的判断是国际金融危机的深层次影响尚未消除,地缘政治风险及不确定性仍然较多,主要央行货币政策将逐步回归正常化,也可能增加金融市场调整的风险。

国内经济则是既有上行动力也有下行压力,央行要做的就是创新金融调控思路和方式,保持政策连续性和稳定性,实施好稳健中性的货币政策。

在“把主动防范化解系统性金融风险放在更加重要的位置”的要求下,动用降准的手段似乎是不合时宜的。

对于下一阶段的主要政策思路,央行的安排之一是保持总量稳定,综合运用价、量工具和宏观审慎政策加强预调微调,调节好货币闸门。

一个“保持总量稳定”也可能预示着降准在当前甚至不会成为央行货币政策操作的备选项。在现阶段,降准这个大招很可能只会停留在理论上可行的程度。

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