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为何只有五常有技术能造氢弹 研制到底有多难?

2017-09-04 10:01:07   中国青年网

【环球网军事9月4日报道 环球时报特约记者 李强】人们可能会问,氢弹有多大的威力?研制氢弹到底有多难呢?

从增强型原子弹说起

最早的核武器是利用核裂变原理的原子弹或叫裂变弹。裂变核武器通过裂变释放能量,大部分的裂变核武是使用化学炸药的爆炸能,把在临界质量以下的铀-235或钚“挤压”至超越临界质量,使之产生不受控的连锁反应,释放大量能量。通常起爆的方式可分为枪式和内爆式。美国投掷在日本广岛的第一枚原子弹“小男孩”即为枪式起爆的铀弹。而投掷在长崎的“胖子”则为内爆式起爆的钚弹。

而增强型原子弹又称为助爆型裂变武器,是一种添加少量热核材料,以提高裂变装料的利用效率、增加裂变威力的原子弹,又称助爆型原子弹。1951年5月25日,美国进行的“项目”核试验是第一个助爆型裂变武器,其威力达到45.5千吨,是非助爆型核武器威力的两倍。

助爆原子弹和氢弹不同之处除了爆炸当量以及聚变与裂变所占当量比例以外,更重要的是原理的不同。助爆原子弹中的聚变材料除了本身能提供一定比例的聚变能量外,主要的作用是释放足够多的中子,通过中子对裂变材料进行轰击,提高裂变材料的利用率,进而提高裂变当量。它所需聚变材料较少,所以较一般氢弹小巧。

为何只有五常能造氢弹

氢弹是利用原子弹爆炸的能量点燃氢的同位素氘、氚等质量较轻的原子的原子核发生核聚变反应瞬时释放出巨大能量的核武器,又称聚变弹、热核武器。之所以称为热核武器,是因为它们的连锁反应需要更高的温度启动。

与加强型原子弹不同,氢弹使用了分级辐射内爆原理,初级相当于扳机,通过引爆初级产生强大的X射线对次级核聚变材料进行压缩引发剧烈的聚变反应。原子弹的威力通常为几百至几万吨级TNT炸药的当量,氢弹的威力则可大至几千万吨级TNT当量。还可通过设计增强或减弱其某些杀伤破坏因素,中子弹实际上就是增强了中子辐射的氢弹。

制造氢弹的难度远超原子弹或增强型原子弹,目前只有安理会五常掌握氢弹的制造技术。制造氢弹的第一个障碍是核燃料。核聚变武器所需的是氘氚混合,它们都是氢的罕见同位素,因为基本上就没有天然的氚,必须经过合成,而这必须要在专门设计的反应堆中才能够完成,而反应堆本身修建也相当困难,修建完成后,一次也只能生产极少数量的氚。另外,引爆次级也比想象得难。它所要求的条件跟太阳内部环境类似:极高的温度和压力,是我们在地球上感受到的数百万倍,而核燃料需要在这样的环境下持续足够久的时间才会发生聚变。

广泛装备的“三相弹”

除了传统的二级氢弹,目前还有一种被广泛装备的“三相弹”,目前美俄英法等国的核弹头主要是这种三相弹。

与采用初级和次级的氢弹不同,“三相弹”是三级设计:第一级先用核裂变,造成聚变条件。第二级聚变发生后,再引起弹头中心的第三级的第二次裂变反应,造成裂-聚-裂反应的三级核弹。此核弹称为三相弹、氢铀弹、三级效应超级炸弹,由于三相弹裂变能量所占的份额大放射性污染较严重,所以又被称为“肮脏的氢弹”。

三相弹是在普通氢弹的基础上再加上一层铀238材料。铀238虽然平时很安分,但当氢弹发生核聚变时会产生大量高能中子,引起铀238裂变,释放大量能量和裂变中子,前者增强了杀伤威力,而后者则可以冲击氢弹中的锂-6材料,制造出新的氚,加剧新一轮的热核聚变。

其原理是核裂变-核聚变-核裂变三个过程,所以叫三相弹。它使普通二相氢弹的威力得到大幅度提高。

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