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发展国债期货对于健全国债收益率曲线的意义

2017-08-17 17:31:14   东北新闻网

上海中期期货研究所闫星月

从国外成熟市场来看,国债形成的收益率曲线是国债市场利率水平的“风向标”,蕴含着丰富的市场信息,体现了国债市场的长短期供求关系,揭示市场利率的总体水平与发展变化,并为政府制定和实施货币政策提供重要的依据。

形成健全的国债收益率曲线,首先要关注国债市场效率问题。我国国债市场近30年得到了快速的发展,但与发达国家相比,仍然处于初级阶段,主要存在以下几大问题:国债流动性有待提高、国债市场分割并行、参与主体结构不合理、期限结构分布不均、发行机制市场化不足等。这些问题导致我国国债市场效率不高,国债收益率曲线不能发挥应有的作用。在此背景下,我国对国债期货发展的需求日益强烈。

国债期货作为金融期货的重要组成部分,其本质是以国债作为载体、利率作为交易对象的利率期货产品,其合约票面利率是以国债现货发行的票面利率和市场利率在一定时间约束下所形成的综合性利率,这对促进国债市场功能有效发挥,促进市场基准利率的形成,健全国债收益率曲线有着重要的意义。

首先,国债期货可以提高国债市场的流动性,发挥价格发现、风险规避的功能,帮助建立完善的收益率曲线。一方面,国债期货揭示了债券远期价格,较好地反映了债券市场供求关系,从而为债券发行定价提供重要参考,降低国债发行风险与成本。国债期货的推出促使原有的一个市场拓展为基础市场和衍生品市场两个市场,整个市场体系的厚度、内涵都在扩大,期货市场的推出可以丰富现货市场信息的含量,提高现货市场对信息的反应速度,减小信息对现货市场的冲击波动。另一方面,国债期货能促进债券市场形成合理的预期价格水平。国债期货的发展改变了债券市场盈利的单向模式,投资者可通过期货、现货和回购之间的套利活动,纠正现货市场不合理的定价,促进债券市场形成合理预期价格水平和市场化的国债收益率曲线。完整的国债期货体系包括短期、中期及长期品种,能够及时反映不同期限的市场预期利率水平。所以,国债期货是构建有效的收益率曲线,特别是中长期收益率曲线的重要工具。

其次,国债期货推出加强了市场之间的联动,推进利率市场化进程。目前我国债券市场可以分为银行间市场和交易所市场,在国债期货还未推出之前,两大市场存在着较为严重的市场分割现象。而国债期货的推出是一个重要的催化剂,使得银行间和交易所两个市场实现融通,促使市场信息能够较快地在两个市场中传递,减少了信息不对称现象,缩小了同一债券在两个市场中的定价差,从而提高整个债券现货市场流动性,促进了国债市场作为基准利率载体功能的实现,推进了利率市场化。

再次,国债期货的推出促使一部分新的资金流入债券市场,提高了期货和现货市场的流动性,同时将市场中的一部分风险转移给了投机者,优化了债券市场的投资主体结构,促进了对市场风险的重新分配。同时,提高了债券价格对信息反应的灵敏度,使得价格能够快速准确地反映出各类投资者的观点。

最后,我国在进行利率市场化加快的同时,金融机构和企业对利率波动的风险也相应增加了,而国债期货可以在此过程中协助金融机构管理利率风险,维护金融体系的稳定。-CIS-

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