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充分认识金融去杠杆的积极意义(热点辨析)

2017-08-15 06:16:30   中国青年网

今年以来,金融领域去杠杆取得了明显成效,货币供给增速和表外融资余额均显著回落。6月末,广义货币(M2)余额163.13万亿元,同比增长9.4%,增速分别比上月末和上年同期降低0.2个和2.4个百分点。随着去杠杆的推进,社会上也出现了一些担忧与质疑,主要是担心金融去杠杆会导致资金偏紧,降低经济活力,影响经济增长。出现这样的担心,是因为没有正确认识到金融与经济之间存在的“金融活、经济活,金融稳、经济稳”的关系。实际上,金融去杠杆是保障经济金融稳定的重要抓手,是促进金融体系和实体经济健康发展的关键举措,其本身也是供给侧结构性改革的重要内容之一。金融去杠杆不仅有利于金融健康发展,而且对于经济持续健康发展具有重要意义。

有利于维护金融安全与经济稳定。从国内看,受经济下行压力加大及利率市场化影响,商业银行近年来大力发展高杠杆、多嵌套、长链条的同业融资、非标准化债权投资和表外理财业务,资产规模持续高速扩张。比如,同业存单业务自2013年下半年推出以来,呈现爆发式增长,目前托管余额逾8万亿元。经过多重设计的高杠杆金融产品,使银行资产负债两端存在比较严重的期限错配,如果控制不好,就可能导致金融市场震荡,引发系统性风险。因此,金融去杠杆势在必行。从国际因素看,美联储加息进程可能提速,年内或启动缩表;欧洲通缩风险出现消退迹象,开始酝酿退出量化宽松,全球流动性从宽松到紧缩的拐点正在到来。面对这样的形势,我们要保持战略定力,努力把握好金融去杠杆的窗口期,夯实基础、未雨绸缪,做好应对主要发达国家政策外溢和国际金融市场震荡的准备。

有利于促进金融和经济健康发展。就资本市场而言,调整同业业务规模,将减少因期限错配和高杠杆造成的流动性风险;加强委外资产(银行理财资金委托外部投资)监管,提高准入与投资门槛,可以有效防范较低信用产品引发的信用风险。从中长期看,规范银行资金流向,将促进公平和有效竞争格局的形成,充分保护投资者和市场参与各方权益,有利于金融体系持续健康发展。就实体经济而言,金融去杠杆将促进金融机构突出主业、下沉重心,发挥好金融体系的资源配置功能。这一方面可以推动有效处置“僵尸企业”,淘汰落后产能;另一方面可以疏通金融进入实体经济的渠道,降低融资成本,有效缓解中小微企业融资难、融资贵的问题。

当前,应站在深化改革的高度来把握金融去杠杆。从本质上看,金融去杠杆是供给侧结构性改革的重要内容,是转变经济发展方式的关键一环,可以有效促进经济发展从依赖投资、增加货币投放和信用扩张转向以供给侧结构性改革为主线、依靠创新推动新旧动能转换和结构优化升级。具体而言,在国企改革方面,以金融去杠杆带动企业去杠杆,可以推动国企瘦身健体、提质增效,提高资源配置效率。在地方融资平台方面,以金融去杠杆规范政府举债行为,硬化信贷约束,可以倒逼地方融资平台清理和转型。在房地产领域,以金融去杠杆促进分类调控,用市场手段防泡沫、去库存,可以建立促进房地产市场平稳健康发展的长效机制。

短期内,去杠杆使资金面承压,有可能带动金融市场和实体经济利率上行,加大经济下行压力。对此,应正确看待、积极应对。应当看到,只要在实施过程中把握好平衡、把握好时机、把握好力度,有效引导市场预期,加强政策协调和市场沟通,避免在处置风险过程中发生新风险,短期阵痛很快就会过去。而且,随着去杠杆成效的显现,经济与金融发展将更加健康、更有活力。

(作者单位:中国人民大学)

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