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刘尚希:将公共服务贯穿于PPP立法始终

2017-08-17 17:30:38   中国经济网

8月16日,中国财政科学研究院院长刘尚希在政府和社会资本合作(PPP)立法研究成果发布暨研讨会上表示,应当从公共服务供给侧结构性改革、政府公共治理改革以及打造经济新动能的视角,紧紧围绕政府和社会资本“经济合作”中的伙伴关系进行立法和相关制度安排,将公共服务贯穿于PPP立法的始终。

7月21日,国务院法制办全文发布《基础设施和公共服务领域政府和社会资本合作条例(征求意见稿)》及其说明(以下简称“征求意见稿”)。刘尚希表示,在PPP立法推进过程中,有一种倾向是将基础设施与公共服务割裂为两部分,而事实上,二者既非并列概念也不可相互替代,通过“一刀两断”和简单并列的方式都无法真正厘清其中的关系和权责利安排。他认为,应当将公共服务贯穿于PPP立法的始终,强调公共服务的完整性和系统性,建议将条例名称修改为“政府和社会资本合作条例”。

刘尚希说,“以民商为基础、以市场为导向、以社会为本位”的立法思维将有力促进公共服务供给侧结构性改革。PPP的精神实质是通过政府、市场、社会的多元共治而推动全社会资源要素与公共资源要素的合理互动和高效优化配置,本质上是政府以经济手段创新公共服务供给机制,创造经济新动能的重要举措。因此,要淡化政府对PPP的行政干预,而强化政府在PPP规范发展中“定制度、定程序、定标准、搭平台”的专业监管和服务支撑功能。

刘尚希表示,“公共利益”成为整个征求意见稿中反复提及的关键词,而条例本身又未对“公共利益”给予明确界定。征求意见稿第一条把保障公共利益和社会资本方的合法权益相提并论,而第五条又特别强调公共利益优先。这一立法定位和原则性规定本身是不严谨的。因此,PPP立法要回归合作本身,强化对合作过程本身的规制,以政府方和社会资本方权利、义务实现为基点进行立法。

PPP改变了政府主导公共服务提供模式中的风险分配,由政府和社会资本共同承担风险。刘尚希认为,针对PPP存在各种各样的风险,需要建立合理的风险防范机制。风险应由最能够承担风险者承担,收益较大者,多承担风险,规避成本较小者,多承担风险。他建议把PPP风险防范放在更加重要的位置,在条例中专门增加一章,规定PPP全过程的风险识别、风险责任分担以及风险防范原则等内容。

刘尚希表示,PPP项目全生命周期涉及5个阶段、19个环节,操作过程复杂,而我国现行法律尚未对PPP项目做出统一而明确的规范,零散出台的规范性文件以及多部门的交叉监管,导致对PPP项目的法律监管冲突和法律监管缺失。条例立法必然会涉及与相关法律、法规、规章、制度的衔接问题,其中最为关键的是与政府采购法、招投标法、土地法、公司法等法律的衔接。

刘尚希还针对部分条款提出了具体建议。比如,他认为,物有所值评价应当保留。一方面,物有所值评价和财政可承受能力评价在近年的PPP实践中逐渐被认可接受,已经成为了PPP项目的评价不可缺少的一部分;另一方面,物有所值评价是PPP模式提供公共服务区别于传统由政府提供公共服务的重要标识,也是PPP模式的存在的基础和起点,因此应当保留。

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