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中央一般转移支付与边疆省(区)公共服务供给
2017-08-17 13:11:41 中国青年网
原标题:李俊清 谢星全:中央一般转移支付与边疆省(区)公共服务供给
中国有2.28万公里的陆地边境线,与14个国家接壤。沿边9省(区)国土总面积达587.68万平方公里,占全国陆地总面积的61%。在140个边境县中,有107个属于民族自治地方;边境地区总人口2300多万,少数民族人口占将近一半,有30多个民族与境外同一民族跨界而居。边疆9省(区)是边境与少数民族的交汇地,经济社会发展面临的问题既有一般性,也有特殊性。在一般性层面,边疆既是全面建成小康社会的薄弱地区,“十三五”时期脱贫攻坚的“主阵地”,也是现阶段西部大开发重点投资的关键区域。在特殊性层面,边疆省(区)是集少数民族地区、边境地区、贫穷地区于一体的叠加区域。特别是西部边疆自然条件恶劣,基础设施薄弱,贫困人口集中,发展起点低、历史欠账多、城乡差距大、区域差异显著。相较于内陆和东部地区,边疆省(区)尤其是西部边疆省(区)公共服务支出的财力基础更为薄弱,公共服务供给远低于全国平均水平。
国务院在《“十三五”促进民族地区和人口较少民族发展规划》中明确指出:“加大中央财政投入力度,完善财政一般性转移支付增长机制,一般性转移支付资金和相关专项转移支付资金进一步向民族地区倾斜,确保对民族地区转移支付在总盘子中的比重继续增加。”作为均衡地方财力和促进基本公共服务均等化的中央一般转移支付在我国边疆省(区)的政策效果如何,哪些因素影响边疆省(区)公共服务供给规模,科学评估中央一般转移支付促进公共服务供给规模的政策效果是本文研究的重点问题。
一、关于转移支付与地方政府支出偏好的理论探讨
(一)国外文献回顾:转移支付与财政支出的关系
多数西方国家实行分权化财政体制,围绕从中央或联邦与地方财政行为的关系开展研究是国外公共财政学派的旨趣之一,研究议题包括转移支付与地方税收行为、转移支付与地方政府行为、转移支付与地方财政支出的关系。
在转移支付与地方税收行为层面,有学者认为财政收入结构不会影响地方财政支出行为及其效率,[1]但也有人认为转移支付会削弱地方财政运行效率及财政自主权。[2]在转移支付与地方政府行为层面,学者们主要围绕财政支出与公共产品供给效率进行研究,认为地方政府间财政分配关系体现了中央与地方政府行为之间的博弈和空间交互策略,[3]财政转移支付结构会影响地方政府公共财政支出效率。在转移支付与地方财政支出层面,国外相关研究集中在转移支付的公平与效率问题,即转移支付能否使得地方政府更为公平和有效地提供公共服务。[4]在效率方面,“粘蝇纸效应”假说认为与增加本地公共支出相比,上级政府转移支付或补助会提升地方公共服务支出效率。[5]在公平方面,有学者认为,平等而不是效率的价值取向决定了政府补助分配的标准,降低中央转移支付促进公共服务供给的规模效率。[6]
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