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浅析金融期货涨跌停板制度

2017-08-08 10:46:51   中国经济网

涨跌停板制度是金融期货市场重要的交易制度。涨跌停板制度是指期货合约在一个交易日中的成交价格不能高于或低于以该合约上一交易日结算价为基准的某一涨跌幅度。超过该幅度的报价无效,不能成交。涨跌停板幅度由交易所设定,交易所可以根据市场风险状况调整涨跌停板幅度。新合约上市首日的涨跌停板幅度依据挂盘基准价来确定,新上市合约的挂盘基准价由交易所确定并提前公布。

让我们先来看看我国股指期货的涨跌停板相关规定。根据有关交易规则,沪深300股指期货合约的涨跌停幅度为前一交易日结算价的±10%,到期月份合约最后交易日涨跌停板幅度为上一交易日结算价的±20%;上证50股指期货合约的涨跌停幅度为前一交易日结算价的±10%,到期月份合约最后交易日涨跌停板幅度为上一交易日结算价的±20%;中证500股指期货合约的涨跌停幅度为前一交易日结算价的±10%,到期月份合约最后交易日涨跌停板幅度为上一交易日结算价的±20%。

与股指期货相比,国债期货的涨跌停板幅度要小得多。五年期国债期货合约的涨跌停幅度为前一交易日结算价的±1.2%,合约上市首日涨跌停板幅度为挂盘基准价的±2.4%。十年期国债期货合约的涨跌停幅度为前一交易日结算价的±2%,合约上市首日涨跌停板幅度为挂盘基准价的±4%。值得注意的是,在国债期货合约交易中,合约上市首日有成交的,于下一交易日恢复到合约规定的涨跌停板幅度;上市首日无成交的,下一交易日继续执行前一交易日的涨跌停板幅度;如上市首日连续三个交易日无成交的,交易所可以对合约挂盘基准价作适当调整。

涨跌停板制度对于金融期货市场的健康安全运行具有重要意义。一是有利于整个期货市场的风险防控。我国期货交易实施保证金制度,买入或卖出一定数量的某种期货,就必须保证保证金账户内有足够满足要求的保证金。期货交易所保证金的收取是分级进行的。会员保证金是期货交易所向会员收取的,客户保证金是期货经纪公司向客户收取的,收取比例要高于期货结算所对会员收取保证金的水平。涨跌停板制度锁定了单一交易日内可能出现的最大浮动盈亏和平仓盈亏,为交易所及会员单位设置初始保证金水平和维持保证金水平提供了客观准确的依据,期货公司可以提前对可能出现保证金不够的客户进行监视,并及时通知客户。因此涨跌停板制度有利于整个期货市场的风险防控。二是有利于防止金融期货市场出现过度投机。在涨跌停板出现时,市场上的投资者可以先冷静下来,有利于市场投机情绪的下降。三是更有利于保护普通投资者。当投资者的期货账户内保证金余额不足时,期货公司就有权对投资者的持仓进行强平。涨跌停板制度的存在使得投资者可以清楚地将日内的最大损失锁定在一定的范围之内,提前备足保证金,就能避免因为被强行平仓而造成的损失。

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