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1947年5月,我国第一个省级民族自治地方——内蒙古自治区成立,标志着内蒙古发展进入了新纪元,也标志着我们党开启了实行民族区域自治的光辉历程。内蒙古自治区成立以来的70年,是民族区域自治制度开花结果、茁壮成长的70年,是民族区域自治制度不断发展完善、展现出强大生命力和优越性的70年,也是民族区域自治制度维护团结统一、促进区域互助合作和各民族共同繁荣发展的70年。经过70年发展,民族区域自治制度作为中国特色解决民族问题的基本制度安排,已成为一项基本政治制度。我们要充分认识民族区域自治的创造性、重要性和优越性,坚定不移地把民族区域自治制度坚持好、完善好、落实好。
民族区域自治是伟大创举
对于一个多民族国家来说,采取什么样的国家结构形式来处理国内民族问题,关乎国家的长治久安和各民族的前途命运。1945年10月,党中央在《关于内蒙工作的意见》中提出在内蒙古实行民族区域自治。经过内蒙古的成功实践,新中国成立前夕,中国人民政治协商会议通过具有临时宪法性质的共同纲领,正式确认实行民族区域自治。这标志着我们党最终作出了在单一制国家内实行民族区域自治的正确抉择,探索出了一条中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路。
实行民族区域自治,是对马克思主义民族理论的运用和发展。马克思、恩格斯曾设想,坚持各民族在一切权利完全平等的基础上自愿地联合和团结起来,建立统一而不可分的单一制大国,同时通过一定形式的自治制度来保障少数民族管理本民族内部事务的权利。但由于历史条件的限制,这一设想在当时未能付诸实践。后来,列宁进一步提出民族区域自治的设想,但由于俄国的特殊国情,也未能实现。我们党遵循马克思主义关于国家和政权建设的总原则以及各民族一律平等的基本原则,充分考虑我国是统一多民族国家的基本国情,创造性地在单一制国家内实行民族区域自治,使马克思主义解决民族问题的基本构想变成生动现实。确定实行民族区域自治,使民族自治和区域自治有机结合起来,既是对马克思主义民族理论的坚持和运用,也是对马克思主义民族理论的极大丰富和发展。
实行民族区域自治,是对我国传统治理体制的超越。实行民族区域自治,不是“飞来峰”,而是中华政治文明内生性演化的结果。历代中央政府治理民族地区,大都实行有别于内地的特殊治理体制,比如秦汉时期的属邦属国、唐代的羁縻州府、元明清时期的土司制等。这也是几千年来中华民族多元一体、中华文明绵延不绝的一个重要原因。但其实质是“怀柔羁縻”,有着明显的历史局限性。我们党实行的民族区域自治,既继承了“天下一统”“因俗而治”的政治传统,又实现了各民族一律平等、共同当家作主,有利于各族人民把爱祖国与爱家乡、爱中华民族与爱本民族有机结合起来,从根本上超越了传统治理体制。
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