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你只看见了余额宝的规模,知道它的风险吗?

2017-07-07 10:05:29   

  

作者 董希淼(中国人民大学重阳金融研究院客座研究员、中新经纬特约专家)

一贯高调的余额宝,又出来拉仇恨了!

数据显示,截至6月30日,余额宝的期末净资产达到1.43万亿元,占整个货币基金规模的28%。与去年年底相比,激增了近80%,不明觉厉啊!

从资金流向看,一季度的数据显示,余额宝约64%的资金流向银行存款和结算备付金,约20%为买入返售金融资产,债券投资则占16%左右。从投资者类型看,余额宝2016年年报显示,其基金持有人达到3.25亿户,其中个人投资者占99.72%,机构投资者为0.28%。

虽然余额宝的资金最终大部分仍会进入银行体系,但其作为现金管理工具,过快的增速及过大的规模仍蕴藏着流动性风险,存在类似存款“挤兑”的可能,需引起高度关注。

余额宝不同于银行存款,它是一种货币基金,用户可以随时赎回,且货币基金只能依靠新申购资金以及变现持有资产两种方式补充流动性。当金融市场出现较大波动,或余额宝本身出现负面影响时,三亿多用户规模赎回,将可能给余额宝带来灭顶之灾,进而给整个金融系统带来风险。不久前,天弘基金将个人持有余额宝的最高份额由100万份调整为25万份,主要目的在于分散其风险,但其流动性风险仍不可掉以轻心。

2008年9月16日,美国历史悠久的货币市场基金管理公司储备管理公司(Reserve Management)旗下数只基金净值跌破1美元,一度出现大规模的赎回行为,还差点引发整个货币基金行业的“挤兑”。在美国政府的强力介入下,通过采取暂停赎回、加入临时保护计划等措施,最后才得以避免系统性风险。但货币市场基金可能引发的“挤兑”风险,引起了美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的重视,并从此开始改进和收紧了对货币市场基金监管政策。

当然,从国外对货币市场基金监管的经验来看,目前欧美各国尚未对货币基金征收准备金。2012年底,美国金融稳定监督委员会(FSOC)提出加强货币基金监管的3条措施:一是改为浮动净值定价;二是直接提取3%的备付金;三是提取1%的准备金,并根据风险水平辅以一定额度的现金。但是,SEC在2013年中提出的改革方案中,认为后面两条对货币基金而言成本过高而没有采用。欧盟也于2013年提出向所有货币基金强制征收3%准备金的提案,然而其对银行的准备金率仅为2%,因此遭到基金业的强烈反对而未得以实施。

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