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世界经济新旧风险不容忽视

2017-07-07 09:48:59   经济参考报

原标题:世界经济新旧风险不容忽视

2017年上半年,世界经济延续复苏脚步,但与之相伴的新旧风险仍不容忽视,各主要经济体需要加强合作,共同应对挑战。

首先,全球贸易增长依然缓慢、保护主义阴霾仍在。国际货币基金组织(IMF)数据显示,2008年金融危机以来,全球贸易量平均每年只增长3%,大大低于金融危机以前的水平。今年上半年全球贸易增速尽管有所加快,但仍不如人意。

贸易大国之中,美国的保护主义倾向最令人担忧。美国总统特朗普就任后宣布退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP),重启北美自贸协定谈判,威胁征收具有惩罚性的“边境税”,公开表示对中国、墨西哥等征收高额关税,禁止进口德国汽车等,多次试图挑战自由贸易原则,引起各国警惕。近日美国又在考虑限制钢铁进口,再度引发世界关注。

分析人士认为,鉴于美国的经济实力,特朗普推动“美国优先”贸易政策可能会给贸易自由化和新一轮经济全球化道路增添波折。虽然其他主要经济体坚持贸易自由化和投资便利化,全球贸易自由化趋势难以逆转,但是摩擦与冲突加剧可能性上升。

其次,美联储加息及缩减资产负债表(“缩表”)动向给世界经济带来新风险。美联储最新公布的6月份货币政策例会纪要显示,美联储官员对于何时启动“缩表”尚未达成一致。从多位美联储官员和美国媒体透露的信号来看,美联储最早可能于9月宣布开始“缩表”。根据6月发布的加息预测,美联储今年内还有一次加息,但对下次加息和启动“缩表”的先后次序,目前尚无定论。经济学家预计,“缩表”行动会导致市场美元减少、资产价格下跌,对美元走势影响大。

分析人士指出,美联储加息及“缩表”将不仅给美国自身带来重大影响,也会给其他国家带来溢出效应。对新兴市场而言,加息与“缩表”造成的美元持续强势不但会对其资产估值形成挤压效应,也会对新兴市场内新一轮资本外流形成不可忽视的压力。

再次,各国债务风险继续上升。目前,美国、欧元区、日本以及一些新兴经济体的主权债、企业债及个人债规模都处于高位。据世界银行统计,10年间,半数以上新兴市场和发达经济体的政府债务占其国内生产总值(GDP)比重增长10个百分点以上。截至2017年初,全球非金融机构总债务已达150多万亿美元,约为全球GDP的200%以上,其中私营企业债务占三分之二。这些数字凸显了降低债务这一任务的艰巨。

近两年来,美元保持强势客观上增加了借款人的偿债压力,大宗商品价格虽有回升,但仍处于相对弱势,削弱了偿债能力。世界经济复苏水平仍较为脆弱,市场对偿债能力和债务风险的可控水平信心不足。在此情况下,各国应对债务风险保持高度警惕,积极应对。

面对新旧风险和挑战,IMF在提交给二十国集团领导人峰会的一份最新报告中建议,各主要经济体应采取积极措施,增加经济增长韧度、平衡度和包容性,并继续加强国际合作,确保世界经济复苏在正确轨道上。

(责编:孙博洋、乔雪峰)

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