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美联储酝酿“缩表”时机 最早或于9月启动

2017-07-07 09:48:42   经济参考报

原标题:美联储酝酿“缩表”时机 最早或于9月启动

美联储5日公布的6月份货币政策例会纪要显示,美联储官员对于何时启动缩减资产负债表(“缩表”)尚未达成一致。但从多位美联储官员和美国媒体透露的信号来看,美联储最早可能于9月宣布开始“缩表”。

在6月13至14日举行的上次货币政策例会上,美联储决定启动今年内第二次加息,同时公布了缩减4.5万亿美元资产负债表的计划。美联储主席耶伦在会后告诉记者,如果美国经济增长符合预期,美联储可能会“相对较快”执行“缩表”计划。

会议纪要显示,美联储内部对于“缩表”时机仍存分歧。有几位官员倾向于在几个月内宣布开始“缩表”,认为美联储的政策沟通已帮助公众为此做好准备;其他官员则建议推迟到今年晚些时候“缩表”,认为这样会给美联储更多时间来评估美国经济和通胀前景,他们担心近期宣布资产负债表政策变化可能会被误解为美联储货币政策正常化的节奏变得不那么渐进。

根据6月发布的加息预测,美联储今年内还有一次加息,但对下次加息和启动“缩表”的先后次序,目前尚无定论。市场对此主要有两种预测:一种是预计美联储9月继续加息、12月开始“缩表”;另一种是预计美联储9月开始“缩表”,12月再加息。美联储内部也在对这两种方案进行讨论。

费城联邦储备银行行长帕特里克·哈克近期接受媒体采访时表示,美国经济复苏已足够稳健、适合启动“缩表”计划,他建议未来几个月美联储暂停加息,开始“缩表”并观察市场反应。芝加哥联邦储备银行行长埃文斯、圣路易斯联邦储备银行行长布拉德等官员也都支持美联储优先考虑“缩表”。

多数投资者也预计美联储推迟到12月加息的可能性更大。芝加哥商业交易所集团的联邦基金利率期货数据显示,目前市场预期美联储9月份加息的概率约为19%,12月份加息的概率约为60%。

分析人士认为,目前美联储采取“先缩表、再加息”的策略具有两大优势:一方面,耶伦的任期将于明年2月到期,特朗普可能会提名新的美联储主席人选,更早启动“缩表”将使得美联储在高层换届之前有更多时间观察和评估其对美国经济和金融市场的影响,确保下一届美联储主席继续贯彻执行“缩表”计划,减少政策不确定性。

另一方面,考虑到近几个月美国通胀持续回落,晚点加息将给美联储更多时间来确认近期通胀疲软是否为暂时现象,同时评估实现2%的中期通胀目标的进展情况。不少美联储官员都表示希望在下次加息之前看到美国通胀水平回升。美国商务部最近公布的数据显示,美联储青睐的通胀指标——除去食品和能源的核心个人消费价格指数,5月份仅同比上升1.4%,连续第三个月回落,持续低于2%的目标。

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