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清华科学家首次体外培养人卵泡样细胞 助力研究不孕

2017-06-13 16:49:31   新华社

新华社北京6月13日电(记者喻菲)清华大学的科学家在世界上首次实现人类胚胎干细胞体外诱导为卵泡样细胞,这一研究将有助于改进辅助生育技术,或为研究女性卵巢早衰等疾病提供直接测试基因突变的体外模型。

清华大学医学院教授纪家葵课题组的这一研究成果6月12日在国际权威学术期刊《自然-通讯》在线发表。

纪家葵课题组的研究表明,在外源因子(GDF9与BMP15)与内源基因(DAZL和BOULE)共同作用下,人胚胎干细胞能分化为人类卵泡样细胞。这项研究为体外获得人类生殖细胞打开了新的思路。

马来西亚华裔科学家纪家葵解释这项研究的初衷时说,与人的体细胞不同,只有生殖细胞能把父源和母源的基因染色体传到下一代。在遗传过程中,生殖细胞会进行独有的减数分裂、基因重组。生殖细胞如何调控这所有过程?怎样把上一代的基因传给下一代,又制造出多元化的基因组?每一代基因重组后,既要维持一定的保守性,又要有一定的多元化,这样的平衡是如何做到的?

“这是最奇妙,最吸引我做生殖发育研究的地方。”纪家葵说。然而要研究人的生殖细胞发育过程非常困难。

之前科学家主要通过小鼠之类的动物来研究生殖发育过程。但人的基因组与小鼠的有很大差别。尽管在知情同意的情况下,科学家在临床上可以获得一些人的生殖细胞样本,但样本量很小,经过分选后,一般只能获得几十个或几百个有活性的细胞。然而分子实验和细胞实验需要的细胞量通常是百万级或千万级的,这使得相关研究受到很大限制。

“我们需要建立一个可供开展实验的体外体系,深入了解生殖发育过程中的各种机制。因此,我们想到用人的胚胎干细胞,诱导它进入减数分裂,进而发育成为成熟的生殖细胞,即精子或卵子。”纪家葵说。

人类卵泡样细胞体外分化体系流程(受访者提供)

纪家葵团队曾于2009年在《自然》杂志上发表文章,介绍了其成果:在世界上首次用人的胚胎干细胞分化培育出原始生殖细胞以及类精子细胞。

虽然国际上也有其他科学家做过类似的实验,但是都没有使人生殖细胞分化到这样成熟的阶段。2015年英国科学家与以色列科学家合作,用人的干细胞分化出原始生殖细胞。2016年日本科学家用小鼠的干细胞分化出类卵细胞。

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