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近日,我国科学家对野生稻的研究取得了新进展,研究成果在线发表于《基因组学研究》杂志。他们发现,野生稻并不“野”,颠覆了之前科学家对野生稻的认知,很多相关理论都要重新思考和修订,对野生资源的科学保护也已刻不容缓。
普通野生稻一直被认为是亚洲栽培稻的野生祖先,也是水稻改良过程中的重要种质资源。普通野生稻经过近万年的驯化到农家品种,进一步经过近百年的现代育种得到现代栽培稻品种,这一过程伴随着遗传多样性的减少和很多优异基因的丢失。育种家在现代育种实践中也逐渐意识到这一点,水稻重大改良过程中的很多重要基因,如袁隆平院士创制“三系法”杂交水稻过程中关键的“野败”基因,就是来自于普通野生稻。野生稻也被证实含有大量的抗虫、抗病基因资源,因此,野生稻资源在应对未来水稻稳产高产的挑战中具有重大价值。然而,随着现代农业耕地面积的逐渐扩大,普通野生稻的野生栖息地被不断破坏,加上来自栽培稻的遗传侵蚀,野生稻资源不断萎缩。
如何更加有效地保护野生稻资源,并从野生稻资源中挖掘出一些重要基因资源,一直是人们面对的重要科学问题。
中国科学院遗传发育所储成才研究组汪鸿儒博士和丹麦哥本哈根大学、美国加州大学伯克利分校研究人员合作,通过对已发表的大量野生稻和栽培稻基因组数据的深入挖掘,发现野生稻基因组中有着人工选择驯化的痕迹,巧妙地证实有大量栽培稻基因流入野生稻群体。全基因组分析发现,现存野生稻群体中有着大量的来自栽培稻的遗传成分,甚至部分“野生稻”就是近期野化的栽培稻。而且亚洲不同地区野生稻群体,其遗传成分和本地种植的栽培稻成分有着很大的相关性。这些令人意外的证据证明,当前的野生稻应被视为一个“杂种群”,而非一个独立物种,它通过广泛的基因流和栽培稻联系在一起,随着栽培稻共同演化。这一发现也告诫人们,实施更加科学的野生稻资源保护已刻不容缓。
野生稻群体遗传多样性及其地理分布,一直被用来帮助研究者理解水稻驯化的起源。基于野生稻的证据,研究者提出过不同的水稻驯化模型。这一新的发现也改变了之前人们对于野生稻的认识,促使人们对之前基于野生稻的水稻驯化起源模型进行重新的分析与思考。(经济日报记者 佘惠敏)
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