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银行资金利率倒挂?真相并不像你想的那样

2017-05-26 16:51:31   

最近,网上沸沸扬扬炒作所谓“中国银行资金利率倒挂、银行被迫不愿放贷、将严重影响实体经济”,虽然其背后的数据和逻辑缺乏金融专业的严谨性,但是其推导过程和结论值得市场和政策制定者重视,特别是现在的利率水平和期限结构到底对实体经济利弊如何?

作者 许维鸿(中航证券首席经济学家、中新经纬特约专家)

先从技术角度分析一下所谓的“利率倒挂”现象:2017年5月22日和23日,银行间市场的1年期Shibor(Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate, 上海银行间同业拆借利率)为4.3137%,高于1年期LPR(Loan Prime Rate, 贷款基础利率)的4.30%。从专业角度解读,Shibor是上海同业拆解利率,属于货币市场利率价格,1年期的Shibor实际使用范围很小、仅限于系统性大银行间的拆借;而一年期贷款利率LPR则是直接关系到广大企业融资成本定价的基准利率,是众多信贷员心中的窗口利率,已经属于信贷市场利率。媒体拿两者相比较,多少有些“关公战秦琼”的意味;但是,从金融专业角度,从货币市场向信贷市场的传导机制,又让这种倒挂多少带有了“利率市场化”的前瞻性意味。

回顾过去二十年中国利率市场化改革的历史,货币市场利率的基准一直是以“七天回购利率”为代表的短期利率水平,市场对一个月以上的货币市场利率关注少,很大程度上是由于国债、国开行债券为基准的“收益率曲线”覆盖了三个月、半年和一年的期限,对资产价格和信贷市场的影响更大。因此,商业银行是否是由于短期利率上行而“惜贷”,还要看短期的货币市场利率、一年期左右的无风险利率(例如国债收益率)。

过去一年来,虽然债券市场实际收益率持续震荡走高,短期货币市场利率水平却稳中有降,并不支持“央行刻意提升货币市场利率、并传导信贷市场、实现实质加息、打压贷款增速”的逻辑基础。说白了,局部利率倒挂并不是央行加息的前兆,也不是银行真的闹“钱荒”,更多的还是监管风暴和金融去杠杆带来的银行阶段性行为模式。对于普通投资者而言,更值得探讨的是大面积的商业银行贷款“纠结”,对资产价格的影响和实体经济的影响,比如说股市结构性调整多少源于资金价格上涨?而对于各级政策制定者,则应盯紧CPI、PPI、M2和GDP几个关键性实体经济指标,确保供给侧改革稳中求进。

首先,最应关注跟老百姓生活相关的通货膨胀水平CPI。显而易见,银行贷款增速下降在现阶段不会引起CPI上涨,甚至连市场一致看多的2017年猪肉价格近期都出现了意外下降。全很难说货币政策对消费品生产没有影响,只能说中国消费市场处于消费升级和消费细分的大潮,普通老百姓最关心的基本生活品价格稳定与“Shibor、LPR”倒挂并无关系。

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