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农村土地制度改革将迎新突破 村民可以土地经营权入股

2017-05-02 08:00:57   经济参考报

农村土地制度改革的一项全新尝试——土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营试点将进入总结阶段。《经济参考报》记者日前获悉,经过两年时间,多个试点地区就土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营的龙头企业及合作社,形成股份组织的运行机制,以及政策制度设计等进行了深入探索。今年6月份,全部试点相关工作将要完成,各地将围绕这项全新的农地制度改革提交总结报告并提出对策建议。

所谓土地经营权入股,是指农民将土地的经营权量化为股权,入股或组成股份公司或合作社等,从事农业生产经营。中国社科院农村发展研究所研究员李国祥分析称,通过这项改革可以同时提高土地配置和利用效益,有利于发展规模化农业生产,以及增加农民财产性收入,可谓一举多得。

2015年初,农业部决定在江苏省武进区和山东省青州市等7个地区开展土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营试点。而早在农业部正式启动试点之前,一些发达地区就已经在实践中尝试过土地经营权入股合作社、龙头企业的操作。记者此前在四川采访时了解到,在该省,随着业主规模经济效益的显现,一些村民开始不满足于传统的土地流转模式,期盼与业主利益共享。于是在一些地区,经过创新和政府协调,村民以土地经营权入股,公司负责生产管理及经营。

2016年,农村土地所有权、承包权和经营权等“三权”分置的顶层文件出台,使土地经营权入股再次成为各方关注焦点。据农业部介绍,7个试点县(市、区)培育了一批以土地经营权入股的龙头企业、合作社,探索了试点工作的推进机制,形成了入股主体的联结机制,建立了股份组织的运行机制,取得了良好的阶段性成果。

据农业部有关负责人介绍,目前土地入股发展产业化经营的主要方式有三种,分别是土地入股农民合作社、土地入股公司以及土地入股合作社再入股公司。而对于收益分配,现在绝大多数地区采用了“保底+分红”的分配方式。以青州市试点的一家合作社为例,记者从当地了解到,农民以土地入股加入合作社后,土地由合作社统一经营从事蔬菜种植,而入股的农民既可以得到土地流转费用,也能得到盈余分红。

另外,也有一些效益较好的企业或者非公司制的股份合作农业项目,农民不一定有保底收益,而是直接实行按股分红、按股分享销售收入。

多位专家告诉记者,农村土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营,远比单纯的土地经营权流转复杂。即将进入总结阶段的这一轮试点同样暴露出很多需要注意的问题,未来要及时对此开展风险控制的政策制度设计。李国祥表示,入股后在农业企业的经营上,农民的意见很容易出现分歧,而在管理者方面,具备市场头脑与经营素质的农民数量也很有限,这些都是目前面临的实际问题。此外,农民土地经营权入股,风险共担机制建立了,但利益共享未必做得到。所以,现在各地探索的保底加分红做法值得推广。

此外,农民用土地经营权入股企业能占多少股份仍需双方充分协商,因此专家还建议,未来一定要出台相关规定明确土地经营权与企业原有资产的比价问题。同时还要建立健全风险防范机制,设立入股保险、风险保障金等救济机制等。

多位专家还表示,这一轮试点的经验对于修改土地承包法、农民专业合作社法、公司法等相关法律有重要的参考价值。入股这一流转方式在农村土地承包法土地承包经营权流转方式中被提及过,但并未对土地承包经营权入股做实质内涵界定。而无论是物权法还是农村土地承包法,均未对土地经营权做出严格的限定,土地经营权概念更多地存在于政策文件和理论探讨中。

专家表示,尤其目前正在推进“三权”分置理论改革,为了降低农户失地风险,目前农民土地入股需要在农户保留承包权的基础上,让渡一定期限内承包地的经营权,这都需要进行法律技术的转化。今年即将推出的完善“三权”分置的多项办法和措施,也需将农地入股的问题考虑在内,要对农民土地入股后包括耕作、收益以及其他衍生的多重经营性权益进行明确。

(林远)

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