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高铁盒饭价格缘何居高不下?行业垄断且缺乏监管

2017-04-26 15:33:18   检察日报

对特定区域商品销售价格,如果政府放手不管,便会出现“天价面”“天价水”,损害消费者权益,这已经为事实所证明

铁盒饭价格过高问题,近年来成为社会热点话题。高铁盒饭价格缘何居高不下?华商报记者调查发现,按照高铁出售的快餐份额比例,20元的包子套餐成本在6元左右,45元的杏鲍菇炒牛肉饭成本最高只有16元,而15元套餐的成本仅为5至7元……高铁盒饭存在着惊人的暴利(4月24日《华商报》)。

高铁盒饭久遭舆论诟病,低价盒饭“断供”问题尚未解决,现在又爆出盒饭暴利问题。有些账真是不算不知道、一算吓一跳,以高铁上的包子套餐为例:两个包子、一个鸡蛋、一杯豆浆,售价20元。而在市面上,肉包子2元一个、鸡蛋1元一个、豆浆1.5元至2元一杯,这组套餐的售价只有7元左右。考虑到餐饮业的利润不低于40%,所以这组套餐的成本不足5元,加上包装也只有6元,在高铁上却卖20元一份,说这是暴利恐不为过。

高铁盒饭何以存在并且能够维持暴利?根本原因在于垄断且缺乏有效监管。高铁与机场、车站、景区、高速公路服务区一样,是相对封闭的场所,市场开放程度有限,不能形成充分竞争,无法通过竞争让价格回归合理水平,因而导致“市场失灵”。在高铁上,卖盒饭的只此一家,别无分店,乘客固然可以自带食物,但只要想吃热乎的盒饭,就得被迫接受高价,没有“货比三家”的余地,没有“用脚投票”的权利。于是,高铁上的盒饭便有了“质劣价高”的底气。

市场经济之下,政府对价格的监管是“两条腿走路”:对于充分市场化的产品和服务,由商家自主定价;对于具有垄断性质的产品和服务,由政府定价或实行政府指导价。但需要注意的是,在某些特殊区域,原本市场化的产品或服务,也会呈现出或多或少的垄断属性。餐饮就是如此,政府早就放开了餐饮价格,对于遍布于大街小巷的餐饮店,价格放开没什么问题,只要商家明码标价即可;但是,机场、景区、高速公路服务区等特殊区域的餐饮店,如果政府对其价格放手不管,便会出现“天价面”“天价水”,损害消费者权益,这已经为事实所证明。同样为事实所证明的,当然还有高铁盒饭的暴利。

这不禁让人想起最近江苏省出台的《相对封闭区域内商品和服务价格行为规范》,其中明确规定,相对封闭区域内的经营者或者管理单位应当合理定价,而所谓“合理定价”,就是“不高于市场平均价”。如果按照这一规定,高铁上包子套餐的售价应为八九元(其中已经包含合理利润),其他高铁盒饭的价格也应该大幅下降。

虽然江苏省的规定对高铁盒饭并无约束力,但这一做法无疑值得借鉴。高铁盒饭价格不能由相关承包企业自主定价,而应该实行政府定价或政府指导价,政府价格主管部门以及中国铁路总公司,要对高铁盒饭价格进行更有力的干预和监管,不妨也明确规定,高铁盒饭价格“不高于市场平均价”。铁路本就具有公益属性,保证乘客吃上质优价廉的盒饭,不通过盒饭谋取暴利,这是有关部门和承包企业应尽之责。(晏扬)

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