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“税负感”到底是一种什么感觉?

2016-12-30 18:33:03   

冯玲玲

当前经济下行压力加大,人们对税负极度敏感。前阵子引发媒体广泛关注的“曹德旺逃跑事件”把“死亡税率”和“税负感”带入公众视野。“税负感”到底是一种什么感觉?它究竟与哪些人有关?

“税负感”即纳税人对税收负担的敏感度。税收负担重,则人们的“税负感”重。事实上,纳税已经存在于很多人的生活中,而税制改革也会实打实地影响着纳税人的钱袋子。

2016年,资源税改革、印花税调整、“营改增”全面推开……未来,还会有哪些税种出现?它们会降低还是加重?

中新社发 周长国 摄

环保税来了!谁需要缴纳?

12月25日,十二届全国人大常委会第二十五次会议表决通过环保税法,将于2018年1月1日起施行。这标志着环保费改税正式完成,同时意味着运行了37年的排污收费制度将退出历史舞台。环保税开征之后,我国现行税种由18个增加到19个。

考虑到地方政府承担主要污染治理责任,为了调动地方的积极性,环境保护由费改税后,环保税将全部作为地方收入,中央不再参与分成。

环保税与现行排污费的征收对象一致,即大气污染物、水污染物、固体废物、噪声。在纳税人方面,居民个人不用交环保税。根据环保税法,环保税纳税人主要是中国境内或管辖海域直接排污的企事业单位和其他经营者,不包括居民个人和不具有生产经营行为的机关等。对像污水处理厂等不属于直接向环境排放污染物等行为也不征收环保税。

在立法过程中各方面争议较大的二氧化碳污染,并没有列入征税范围。为避免重复征税,环保税法明确对机动车、铁路机车、非道路移动机械、船舶和航空器等流动污染源排放的应税污染物免税。

同时,在征税标准上,此次环保税设计依据也是来自现行排污费计费办法。比如对大气污染物、水污染物,沿用了现行的污染物当量值表,并按照现行的方法即以排放量折合的污染当量数作为计税依据。

环保税的税额标准,也是以现行排污费收费标准为基础。比如,目前国家对大气污染物、水污染物征收排污费的标准分别是不低于1.2元和1.4元,这也是环保税税额的最低标准,地方政府可以在此标准的10倍范围内调节。

专家表示,环保税法的实施,对企业的约束将明显加强,企业排污成本将真正由自己承担。

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