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降成本要做足做好“减法”

2016-12-29 11:04:43   

原标题:降成本要做足做好“减法

最近,媒体上关于中美制造业成本的争论持续发酵。争论背后是中国制造业所面临的现实窘境,提示我国由低成本生产要素和资源禀赋差异所带来的制造业出口竞争优势正面临挑战。

要保持我国制造业在全球的竞争力,降成本自然是眼前至为关键的一步。作为供给侧结构性改革的重点任务之一和关键环节,降成本必须精准发力,在降低企业税费负担、制度性交易成本等方面做足做好“减法”。

数十年来,中国经济得以持续快速发展,一个重要原因就是低成本优势。然而,不断攀升的生产经营成本正成为中国经济面临的新挑战,部分企业家甚至发出制造业利润“薄如刀片”的喟叹。国务院发展研究中心的一份调查报告指出,今年关于“当前企业经营发展中遇到的最主要困难”的调查显示,企业家选择比重最高的两项分别是“人工成本上升”(68.4%)和“社保、税费负担过重”(50.2%)。

根据波士顿咨询公司调查统计的全球制造业成本指数,2014 年我国制造业成本相当于美国95.5%,但已高于印度、墨西哥、印尼等发展中国家。而在2004年我国制造业成本低于墨西哥和印度。目前,日本、美国和欧洲等国相继出台振兴本国制造业计划,这对我国和亚洲制造业施加了不小的压力。如何降低企业成本、激发企业活力成为既现实又迫切的课题。

针对企业高成本下的发展压力,中央经济工作会议明确提出,要在减税、降费、降低要素成本上加大工作力度。此前,国务院印发的《降低实体经济企业成本工作方案》也提出,经过1至2年努力,降低实体经济企业成本工作取得初步成效,3年左右使实体经济企业综合成本合理下降,盈利能力较为明显增强。立足前期工作基础和现实可能出发,降成本或可从三个方面做足做好“减法”。

首先,正税清费为企业“减负”,给企业打造低成本、高效率的发展环境。一方面,我国税收来源一半以上来自间接税,增值税、营业税等主要由企业负担,可以考虑适当提高直接税比重,比如,从目前在生产环节征税,转向更多在最终消费环节征税,以促进企业税负公平;另一方面,要加大力度清理各种不合理收费尤其是垄断性中介服务收费,营造公平的税负环境。

其次,进一步简政放权,减少制度和政策羁绊,降低制度性交易成本,这是降成本的关键环节。制度性交易成本种类繁多、弹性较大,还暗藏“灰色地带”,是当前企业的最大困扰。近年来,国务院和地方政府简政放权效果明显。但在部分改革“深水区”和“角落”,一些部门对权力仍恋恋不舍。部分“红顶中介”悄然转入地下,收费垄断、利益输送现象依然不少。

再次,淘汰落后产能,加速转型升级,降低企业要素成本和用工成本等的上涨压力。一方面,应着力发展高端制造、智能制造,提高智能化生产水平;另一方面,促进制造业与互联网、科技行业结合,提高制造业生产效率。

(责编:孙博洋、夏晓伦)

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