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新兴市场国家在挑战中蹒跚前行

2016-12-30 11:13:39   

原标题:新兴市场国家在挑战中蹒跚前行

在全球经济飘摇、大宗商品价格剧烈波动的2016年,新兴市场国家在各种挑战中表现总体稳健。随着对话合作的增多,共赢机会增加,新兴市场国家预计在新的一年将进一步为全球经济贡献力量。

回顾2016年,外部动荡对新兴市场国家影响较大,首先是美联储于2015年年底重启加息,引发2016年一季度全球市场波动;再到年中英国“脱欧”公投,释放“黑天鹅”惊扰汇市;大宗商品市场全年经历过山车式走势,冲击各资源出口国等。种种事件对新兴市场货币、资本外逃都产生较大影响。

根据凯投国际宏观经济咨询公司的分析,曾在近年来为全球增长作出近3/4贡献的新兴市场经济体可能会无法摆脱增长放慢的前景。世界银行之前也预计,除中国和印度经济仍能保持相对较高增速外,俄罗斯和巴西2016年经济将分别萎缩1.2%和4%,衰退幅度大于2016年年初预计。

除了外部环境恶化,新兴经济体自身也正经历调整发展方式的改革阵痛。比如巴西和俄罗斯,作为较为典型的资源依赖型国家,受石油、铁矿石等大宗商品2016年上半年价格下降影响,经济呈现出停滞甚至衰退迹象;印度经济增速虽然最为亮眼,但亟待构建与自身快速工业化、城市化发展阶段相适应的经济结构。

2016年年底主要新兴市场国家公布的成绩单显示,经济增长虽然受到挑战,但随着油价企稳等外部环境稳定,发展存在亮点。

俄罗斯总统普京在2016年12月底举行的年度记者会上表示,2016年俄宏观经济形势已经好转,一些实体经济部门出现增长,预计2016年国内生产总值(GDP)将小幅萎缩。普京说,相比于2015年经济萎缩3.7%,2016年俄经济形势好转,GDP降幅可能为0.5%-0.6%,通胀水平将控制在约5.5%。俄罗斯各项储备资金保持健康水平,央行外汇储备超过3850亿美元。

另一大新兴市场国家印度央行2016年12月宣布,将2016-2017财年印度经济增长预期从原先预计的7.6%下调至7.1%。市场普遍认为,印度政府11月宣布废除大额面值纸币带来的市场流动性缺失,是印度央行此次下调经济增长预期的主要原因。

据印度中央统计局2016年5月底公布的数据,印度2015-2016财年国内生产总值(GDP)增长7.6%。尽管调降增长预期,印度经济增速领先全球主要经济体。

新兴市场国家的表现也有不尽如人意的,巴西经济出现持续恶化态势。巴西经济2013年增长2.3%,2014年增幅降为仅0.1%,2015年则萎缩3.8%。巴西央行发布的最新《焦点调查》报告称,金融市场分析师预测,巴西2016年经济将衰退3.48%,跌幅比之前预估扩大了0.05个百分点,表明巴西经济仍未摆脱衰退阴云。

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