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习近平同志在全国金融工作会议上强调,必须加强党对金融工作的领导;地方政府要在坚持金融管理主要是中央事权的前提下,按照中央统一规则,强化属地风险处置责任。防范地方金融机构风险是防范系统性金融风险的重点环节。当前,要深入学习贯彻习近平同志重要讲话精神,坚持党管金融,完善党对地方金融机构的领导体制,更好维护金融安全。
地方金融机构属于商业类、完全竞争性行业,市场化程度高、逐利性强,公司治理结构复杂。这些特点客观上也是坚持党管金融、完善党对地方金融机构领导体制的难点。针对这些难点,完善党对地方金融机构的领导体制应抓住以下两个重点。
使企业党组织成为公司治理体系的有机组成部分,确保地方金融机构既坚决贯彻党中央及地方党委对金融工作的要求,又遵循市场运作规律,不断提升服务实体经济的能力。地方金融机构大多数为国有控股或相对控股公司,在加强管理中应把握三个要点:一是在高管人员任用上抓住“关键少数”。核心是抓好董事长、监事长等的选用工作。董事长作为地方金融机构法人代表,其选用应由地方党委提名。董事长与党委书记宜由一人担任,通过党管董事长、党管干部实现党管金融。对监事长也应采用与董事长相同的干部管理方式。二是在公司章程中明确企业党组织的核心地位。应明确地方金融机构的企业党组织是公司治理的领导核心和政治核心,公司的其他治理主体要在厘清权责边界的基础上自觉维护这个核心。把党建工作要求写入公司章程,使企业党组织成为公司治理体系的有机组成部分。三是重大决策在出台前须由党委会先行审议。公司重大事项须在董事会、经理层决策前先由公司党委会研究讨论。党委会研究讨论后,“交叉任职、双向进入”的党委成员在董事会、经理层决策时要充分表达党委会的意见和建议。由社会资本控股的地方金融机构也应建立健全党组织,充分发挥党组织在公司治理和经营发展中的政治引领作用,让党建工作为防控金融风险保驾护航。
建立双向协同治理机制,促进地方政府与金融监管部门协同发力。新设立的国务院金融稳定发展委员会以及作为金融业主要监管部门的“一行三会”,都在党中央的领导下对全国各类金融机构进行管理。在这种集中统一的监管体制下,地方金融机构治理已从根本上确立了党管金融的原则。但应看到,由于地方政府与金融监管部门的角色定位不同,对地方金融机构管理的侧重点也不完全相同。前者希望通过做大地方金融机构尽可能拉动当地经济增长;后者则更加关注金融市场稳定,强调公司治理的完备性和防范系统性风险等。鉴于两者在金融管理取向上存在差异,应在党管金融原则下建立双向协同治理机制,协调地方政府与金融监管部门对地方金融机构的管理行为。一方面,地方党委、政府应努力把握金融规律、熟悉监管规则,提名选派地方金融机构领导班子成员时,应充分听取金融监管部门的意见建议,并严格按照国家金融监管规定建立和完善地方金融机构的公司治理结构,把加强党的领导与改善公司治理有机统一起来。另一方面,金融监管部门应将对法人金融机构及其分支机构设立的审批、新业务资格的许可等同公司治理的完备性挂钩,向公司治理水平高的地方金融机构倾斜,促进金融机构改进公司治理,支持地方经济金融更好发展。这种党管金融下的双向协同治理机制,有利于促进全国大局与地方利益相协调,形成全国一盘棋的金融风险防控格局。
(作者:夏蜀为云南师范大学教授)
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