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不要误读新高考“物理遇冷”

2017-09-13 07:41:23   央广网

王庆峰

在中国人民大学附属中学入学第一课上,来自中科院物理所的“大咖”方忠说:“同学们,希望你们选择物理,爱上物理。”这堂课之所以引起网友关注,与另一则新闻脱不了关系:新高考下物理学科似乎有“遇冷”趋势,2017年高考浙江全省29.13万考生,但是选考物理只有8万人,而去年26.86万考生中,理科报名人数16.91万;在上海,实行新高考改革第一年,选择物理科目的考生也仅占总人数30%。

单纯从数字看,似乎能佐证上述一些大众观感。然而,不要因此误读物理学科“遇冷”,更不能推导出新高考的某些缺点。这要从文理分科的大背景说起。在推行素质教育的呼声下,有观点认为文理分科无法充分反映学生兴趣度,比如部分高校招录对文理科有要求,导致相当一部分学生“被迫”选择自己不喜欢的学科。因此早在2009年,教育部就在《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》中公开征求意见,讨论“高中取消文理分科的必要性和可行性”,2014年国务院发布《关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见》,要求推进考试招生制度改革,形成分类考试、综合评价、多元录取的考试招生模式。浙江和上海即是首批“文理不分科”的试点省市,这里的数据波动再正常不过。

除此之外,坊间对新高考的一些误解恐怕也起到了作用。众所周知,新高考试点省市采用统一高考与高中学考、必考科目与选考科目相结合,除语文、数学、外语3门统一必考,考生在政治、历史、地理、物理、化学、生物、技术7门高中学业水平考试科目中,自主选择3门作为高考选考科目。这种设计的前提是采取国际通用的“等级赋分制”,原理是数学中的标准分数。操作方式是这样的:40分起步,100分满分,根据选考人数分21个等级,每个等级差3分,规定1%的学生拿满分,2%拿97分,以此类推。直觉上,“等级赋分制”会造成实际得分跟卷面得分不一致,比如卷面得分70分,排名等级前10%,实际得分在90分以上,而有时候考90分,排名等级却不高,实际分来到70分。由此,不同学科难度不同,直接导致不同的策略性选择,具体在物理上,那些兴趣度较高、专业较明确的考生更有可能选考,反而导致部分学生“畏考”“选择性不考”。

在直觉上,“赋分制”采用部分人群进行等级划分,最后录取时却在整个高考人群中对比使用,似乎不够合理,也催生了很多策略选择。但从数学角度出发,标准分数比原始分数要更合理。首先,不同学科的标准分数具有可比性,而且可以更科学地相加;其二,和原始分数相比,标准分数更能反映出个体在总体中的相对位置。借鉴国外经验,诸如SAT考试等都采用标准分数,一定程度上表明了标准分数的优势,但前提是样本具有足够代表性。举例来说,如果一门学科选考人数达不到一定要求,就有可能导致部分高分考生实际得分较低;如果一门考试中优秀考生少,而一般“碰运气”的考生多,则一般考生的分数也会拉高。因此,要解决物理科目报名人数少的问题,就要从样本的代表性上下功夫,一个可行思路是从完善大学专业要求入手,比如清华大学42个有要求的专业中,31个必须选考物理,浙江大学7个专业必须要选物理。

从物理学科核心素养内涵来看,物理学科是科学教育的鼻祖,是培养学生理性思维与数理逻辑的一门重要学科。虽然报名数据似有“遇冷”迹象,但不必过分担心。在新的高考制度下,数据下降合乎逻辑,即便它中间出现了很多策略性选择,也有必要相信随着大家对新高考的认识越来越充分,那些“误读”的策略性选择也将减少。

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