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“半份餐”的善意应有刚性保障措施

2017-09-08 14:47:01   国际在线

外出用餐,因点餐过多、餐品分量大,导致剩下大量食物,造成浪费,这种情况屡见不鲜。7月初,商务部、中央文明办联合发出通知,就餐饮行业深入开展“厉行勤俭节约,反对餐饮浪费”工作作出部署。北京各餐饮企业响应号召,通过公布大数据、提倡点半份餐等各种方式减少浪费量。针对后厨卫生问题,北京同步推进“阳光餐饮”工程,目前,海淀区2613家餐饮单位后厨直播已上线。

在多个部门和机构倡导的“光盘行动”中,“点半份餐”是一个不错的创意。但如果没有强制性措施的促进,没有移风易俗的环境保障,半份餐的善意很可能遭遇“天花板”。2012年4月央视报道,中国人每年在餐桌上浪费的粮食价值高达2000亿元,仅餐饮业一项,我国每年就要倒掉约2亿人一年的口粮。造成浪费的原因综合起来,不外乎面子观念作祟、敏感的卫生观念、奢侈的公款消费、狭隘的销售策略等,在解决问题的方法上,也有宣传节约的重要性、培养全民节约意识等,但更重要的是,若没有刚性的保障和促进措施,停留在呼吁与倡导环节的促进,就难以真正收到明显的成效。

最近开展的一项调查显示,“光盘行动”实施四年来,餐桌上“盛宴”变“剩宴”的浪费现象又悄然有所抬头,“舌尖上的浪费”出现回潮迹象,“半份菜”从一些原本有此服务的饭店菜单上消失了,“点一桌剩半桌还不打包”的情况又时有发生。4年前,在北京市餐饮行业协会等单位的倡导下,全聚德等10家大型餐饮连锁企业率先响应,这些企业旗下的749个门店推出“半份菜”、“小份菜”和“热菜拼盘”服务,并逐步提供免费打包服务,鼓励消费者将没吃完的剩菜打包带走。然而媒体的调查显示,这些曾被津津乐道的“半份菜”以及热菜拼盘,如今早已退出菜单。

商家都具有逐利性,销量越多利润越大,至于反浪费则退居其次;顾客好面子的基因还在,攀比之风就如同毒瘤一般难以根除,供需两端的结合会形成强大的驱动力,导致第三方的政府性倡导和行业性呼吁,也多停留在“字面印迹上”。若没有刚性的措施作为保障,任重道远的“光盘行动”就遥遥无期,乃至出现一边倡导一边浪费的反差。

道德上的引导当然重要,不过刚性的促进措施也不可或缺,否则“有柔而无刚”则会导致手段短板,单腿走路也无以直线前进。借鉴国外的经验来看,以立法为基础而实行法治,是解决“舌尖上的浪费”的根本途径。在德国,无论自助餐还是点餐,都不能浪费,一旦发现有人浪费,任何见证人都可向相关机构举报,工作人员会立即赶到,按规定罚款。国内一些地方尝试采取把“光盘行动”纳入制度化的轨道,比如要求餐饮服务者承担引导服务并提醒食客打包,若没有履行告知、提醒或者专业服务,则会被给予相应的处罚。比如《西城区对餐饮企业剩饭剩菜行为管理处罚办法》规定,餐饮企业未尽到提醒义务,导致消费者浪费现象严重、被执法人员检查发现或受到投诉举报,将根据实际情况给予警告曝光、停业整顿、加入餐饮企业黑名单等处罚。

国内其他地方如武汉、珠海、铜陵等地都进行了类似的尝试,有的还通过立法而固定下来。然而,如同禁烟令的实施一样,在无经费、无人员、缺条件等多重因素下,“有法不依”的现象依然严重,说好的“罚款”在强大的阻力面前成为摆设。至于其他一些地方,为了移风易俗而实施的“限桌”、“限钱”、“限人”等措施,也因为不符合权利自由的原则,在强大的舆论和习惯双重夹击下败下阵来,半份餐的善意依然停滞不前。

刚性措施应当体现在两个层次,一是措施本身应当实现刚性化,即以立法的形式将各方的责任明确并固定下来,实现“有法可依”;二是实现配套强化和环境营造确保法律规定得到执行,并最终解决“有法必依”和“执法必严”的瓶颈。

(作者:堂吉伟德 原标题:“半份餐”的善意应有刚性保障措施)

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