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以整体思维把握个体发展和结构优化(思想纵横)
2017-09-07 05:16:53 中国青年网
现代社会,人们的自我意识不断增强,越来越重视个性发展,同时也越来越离不开别人的协同合作。随着互联网的迅猛发展,个人融入各种各样的网络,人与人之间的关联性、协同性越来越强。其实,从个体与整体的关系上看,现代社会就是沿着专业分工、个性伸张与协同合作、融为整体两条线索发展起来的。这两条线索看似对立,实则统一。专业分工是生产力发展的需要,个性伸张是人自身发展的需要。但是,如果没有协同合作、融为整体,生产力发展和人自身发展都不可能实现。
马克思早就指出,随着劳动过程本身的协作性质的发展……为了从事生产劳动……只要成为总体工人的一个器官,完成它所属的某一种职能就够了。以生产劳动为基础,在全部社会活动中,分工与合作、个体与整体都日益呈现一体两面的关系。人们既从事高度专业化的工作,又需要各方面协同合作;既注重自身权益、个性发展,又无时无刻不处在各种社会网络中,需要在各种组织、各种关系中彰显自身的存在和价值。
还应看到,分工不是盲目、随意的,整体也不是把个体简单拢在一起就能形成。具有一定功能、能够从事特定活动的整体,需要个体组合成特定的结构。整体是由个体分工组合而成的结构。大至国家、社会,小至企业、家庭,都是个体按照特定角色、位置、分工组成的整体性结构。我们看待事物、分析问题、解决矛盾,既要有分析,又要有综合;既要有结构考量,又要有整体视角;既要充分发挥各个部分的功能,又要达到整体功能最优。也就是说,实现个体发展、推动结构优化需要树立整体思维。所谓整体思维,是指从全局考虑问题、谋划思路的思维方式。它强调事物的统一性和完整性,认为事物的各个组成部分在结构上不可分割、在功能上相辅相成、在运作中相互影响。
树立整体思维,从根本上说,是因为世界本来就是一个整体,人类社会本来也是一个整体。人们分别专注于不同领域、不同层次、不同部分,可以深化认识、细化分工,推动经济社会发展,但也容易使人缺乏整体观、大局观,甚至导致只见树木不见森林、只见局部不见整体的孤立片面问题。例如,西方传统工业化道路片面重视经济增长和经济利益,忽视经济与社会协调发展、物质与精神同步提高、人与自然和谐共生,造成了许多社会问题、精神问题、环境问题。过去,我国一些地方片面追求GDP增长,忽视社会建设和环境保护,也造成了经济社会发展不协调、生态环境恶化等不良后果。
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