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“义以为利”:中国思想之根本精神

2017-09-05 08:32:17   中国青年网

世人不少以为中国文化是道德的而非科学的,甚至是直观的而非合理的。如是许多人亦以为我们虽拙于戡天科学,但长于“君子之道”云。并以此为中西文化之先天差异。其实这些话既不合理,亦不合于事实。

一切学问皆起于人间本位之理性思考。所谓科学非他,无非是利群目的、求真精神、理性态度、实验方法之结果。通观中西学术之变,我们可说在春秋时代,是全世界理智觉醒时期。在科学哲学上有重要贡献者是中国人、印度人、希腊人。到了两汉,中国人在全部科学——天文、数学、工程、医学、农学上,都压倒希腊人印度人。须知中国科学之落后,乃对近二三百年之欧美而言。在整个人文史上,一时之参差,乃常有之事。

又有人以中国知识论不发达,为中国哲学不重知识之证,亦中国科学不发达之因。西欧近代知识论乃批评神学而起,同时又为科学方法探求之产物。中国无神学,科学未发展,故知识论不发达乃结果而非原因。近世西方科学之革命乃十六七世纪以来之事,此由种种条件促成,要非中国文化本身之缺陷。

中国文化本是民主的、实用的。一民族建国传说,最足以表现其文化倾向。中国建国者的黄帝,不是神话浪漫人物,而是一个发明家。还有一点甚为有趣的,中国将蚕丝发明归于黄帝之妃嫘祖,这至少可以看出中国人之尊重女权与母权。我们可说世界最早之功效主义、实用主义实起于中国,此亦和平劳动过程中必然发生者也。

古人所谓“义以为利”,正是伟大智慧。这不仅指出道德与知识之一致,而且教训我们目的与手段亦须一致。“义以为利”又包括二者:一是利用厚生,二是和而不同。一为科学,一即民主。这是健全常识,也是伟大真理。我们无迂怪之谈,而讲平正通达之理。中国农村春联上常常写着“义以为利”。如再想到义是利之和——总和与调和,我想没有比这四个字更足以代表中国思想之根本精神的。(胡秋原/文据《月读》2017年第7期)

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