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被害人特殊体质不属于刑法因果关系介入因素

2017-09-06 08:17:10   中国青年网

特殊体质是指异于常人的健康体质且表现为生理机能缺失,以致在受到外界刺激时能产生超乎行为人主观认识的不良后果。如果被害人属于特殊体质,那么当行为人在实施通常情形下,一般不会发生危害后果的行为时,也有可能会对具有特殊体质的被害人造成伤害。在这种情况下,正确理解存在被害人特殊体质介入下刑法因果关系的走向,无疑对行为人的定罪量刑具有十分重要的意义。

实践中,针对因先行行为作用于具有特殊体质的被害人而出现的在一般情况下并不会产生危害后果这一问题,在认定先行行为和危害结果之间的因果关系是否因被害人特殊体质的介入而发生中断尚无定论。一种观点认为,虽然某种先行行为本身并不会引起危害后果的产生,可在其发展过程中偶然介入了其他原因,由后来介入的原因和先行行为共同作用引起危害后果的发生,此时就应当承认先行行为和危害后果之间具有刑法上的因果关系。也就是说,被害人特殊体质的介入,并不中断先行行为和危害后果之间的因果关系,行为人应该对其实施的行为所造成的危害后果承担刑事责任。另一种观点认为,因果关系是行为和结果之间的必然联系,只有当行为能够必然地、合乎规律地引起结果时,二者之间的联系才是刑法中的因果关系。如果在因果关系的发展过程中,偶然介入其他因素,并由该介入因素实质性导致了危害后果的发生,那么该介入因素就中断了先行行为和危害后果之间的因果关系。根据这一观点,如果在先行行为和危害后果之间介入被害人的特殊体质,并由被害人的特殊体质合乎规律地、实质性地导致危害后果产生,那么先行行为和危害后果之间的因果关系就因介入因素的出现而中断,行为人此时不需对危害后果承担刑事责任。

针对以上观点,笔者认为,虽然法律没有明确规定是否可以将特殊体质认定为介入因素,从而产生中断刑法上因果关系发展的效果,但在实践中不应将被害人的特殊体质认定为介入因素。理由如下:

被害人的特殊体质在先行行为实施前就属于被害人既有身体状况的一部分,是独立于先行行为和行为人主观意识而存在的,可以说,被害人的这种特殊体质同其年龄、性别、身高等因素一起体现着被害人作为一个具体的“人”的专有属性,是被害人既有身体特征中不可分割的一部分,所以,不应当将被害人的某种特殊体质归入介入因素范围,并由此否定先行行为和危害后果之间的联系。英美法系中有著名的“蛋壳脑袋原则”,该原则认为特异体质因素的存在并不能排除先行行为与危害结果之间的因果关系,在存在被害人特殊体质的案件中,行为人应当对造成的危害后果承担责任,因为法律要求我们必须接受每个个体业已存在的特征,即使被害人的体质不正常或过于脆弱,如头盖骨“薄如蛋壳”等。

承认被害人的特殊体质不属于刑法上的介入因素,肯定先行行为和危害结果之于特殊体质的被害人具有因果关系,并不代表行为人一定要对危害结果承担刑事责任。因为,认定先行行为和危害结果之间具有刑法上的因果关系只是承担刑事责任的客观基础,除此之外还要考察行为人的主观罪过,从主客观两方面一起考察行为人是否应该承担刑事责任,具体可分为以下三种情况:其一,行为人对被害人的特殊体质有一定的认识,并意图利用被害人的这种特殊体质来达到犯罪目的,此种情况下应根据危害结果的具体情形对行为人以故意伤害罪或者故意杀人罪定罪;其二,行为人主观上虽然对被害人的特殊体质有一定的了解,但主观上对危害结果的出现持否定态度,只是由于过于自信或者疏忽大意的过失才导致危害结果的发生,此种情况下行为人构成过失致人死亡罪或过失致人重伤罪;其三,行为人没有预见到被害人具有特殊体质,主观上也对危害后果的发生持否定态度,此时因为行为人主观上不具有犯罪的故意或者过失,虽然出现了危害后果,但应当将危害结果的出现认定为意外事件,行为人无需对此承担刑事责任。

(作者单位:陕西省礼泉县人民检察院)

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