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立足罪刑法定把握未成年人不构成累犯条件

2017-09-04 08:16:57   中国青年网

刑法修正案(八)增设了未成人犯罪不构成累犯的规定,但对其含义理论界与实务中仍存在争议,并对其是否同时适用于特别累犯,亦存在较大争议。在坚持罪刑法定原则的基础上,笔者认为,未成人不构成累犯是指犯前罪时不满18周岁。

未成年人不构成累犯的条件

刑法第65条第1款规定:“被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子,刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后,在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的,是累犯,应当从重处罚,但是过失犯罪和不满十八周岁的人犯罪的除外。”根据这一规定,对未成年人不构成累犯的条件,主要存在两种观点:第一种观点认为,实施前罪时未满18周岁,无论后罪是否已满18周岁,均不构成累犯;第二种观点认为,无论前罪还是后罪,均应不满18周岁,方不构成累犯。相比较而言,第一种观点更为合理。理由在于:

第一,相关司法解释所认同。2011年4月最高人民法院发布的《关于〈中华人民共和国刑法修正案(八)〉时间效力问题的解释》第3条第1款规定:“……前罪实施时不满十八周岁的,是否构成累犯,适用修正后刑法第六十五条的规定。”据此,司法解释是以实施前罪时的年龄作为排除累犯的时间标准的。

第二,将实施前后罪的年龄均限制为不满18周岁,会导致此种累犯范围大大缩减。我国刑法规定前后罪间隔时间为5年,假设被告人实施犯罪时刚满14周岁,而其仅仅对8种性质极其严重的犯罪承担刑事责任,鉴于实践中对此类犯罪的处罚情况,如果将后罪也限制在不满18周岁,将导致累犯的空间大大缩减甚至没有意义。另外,刑法修正案(八)规定,对不满18周岁的人犯罪,在符合条件的前提下,应当适用缓刑,前罪适用缓刑,则构成累犯的可能性微乎其微。因此,如果主张前后罪均限制为未满18周岁,将使刑法修正案(八)的新规定丧失意义。

未成年人不构成特殊累犯

刑法第66条规定,危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪的犯罪分子,在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后,在任何时候再犯上述任一类罪的,都以累犯论处。与修订前规定相比,增加了恐怖活动犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪这两类犯罪,从而扩大了特殊累犯的范围,但由此带来的问题是:第65条所规定的一般累犯中过失犯罪和不满18周岁的人犯罪能否排除在特殊累犯之外?

对此,笔者认为,应当将未成年人犯罪排除在特殊累犯之外,理由如下:

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