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游学精髓就在知行合一

2017-09-04 09:46:54   央广网

据媒体报道,刚刚过去的这个暑假,在“研学旅行”计划的推动下,中国传统游学模式逐渐回归,一些教育机构如山西的三益书院和北辰学堂等都推出了相关的游学形式,参与者数以千计。

何谓“游学”?传统上,游学是游学者游历四方、寻师求学、传播思想的文化活动。人有恒言曰:“百闻不如一见。”“读万卷书不如行万里路。”游学之益在于体验,人世间有些知识,有些情感,有些体会,非亲历其境不能得其益,游学的必要性就在于此。

游学传统由来已久,早在《史记·春申君列传》中,就有“游学博闻”之语。孔子周游列国,历时十余年,行程数千里,历经艰难险阻,一边宣传自己的政治主张,一边带领弟子读书、体验山水、感悟人生,并将一路的所闻、所见、所感记录下来。孔子死后,其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的语录进行整理,编成《论语》,传诵至今。司马迁从二十岁起就漫游祖国各地,到处寻访古迹,采集传说,行迹所至,殆遍宇内。壮阔的游记,不仅开阔了眼界,增长了阅历,而且壮丽山水中的灵气,也赋予了他“疏荡颇有奇气”的文风,为他写下“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》”的《史记》打下了坚实基础。一直到明代的徐霞客、清初的顾炎武,这种传统代代相传,成就了中国古人知行合一的优良士风。

其实不仅仅在中国,游学也是世界各国、各民族文明中最为传统的一种教育形式。13世纪,来自意大利的马可·波罗沿丝绸之路来到东方,并在中国游学17年,其口述的《马可波罗游记》不仅激起了欧洲人对东方的向往,奠定了新航路的开辟,同时也是研究我国元朝地理和历史的重要典籍。18世纪,英国上层社会也兴起了一股赴欧洲大陆游学的热潮,在加强与欧洲大陆联系的同时,也促进了自身经济和文化的发展。今天的日本,游学早已成为教育文化的一部分,国家大力支持中小学学生游学,并和地方财政共同承担其费用。

随着时代的进步和教育的发展,教育形式越来越多样化。曾经,游学这种教育形式因费时、费力、费钱等缺点的存在,加之社会各方担心学生在游学过程中会受到意外伤害,一度有被搁置的趋势。2016年末,教育部、中国国家旅游局等11个部门联合发布《关于推进中小学生研学旅行的意见》,明确把“研学旅行”纳入中小学教育教学计划,该计划的发布和实行使游学获得了制度保障,在一定程度上可以帮助其扫清障碍,解除后顾之忧。

从目前来看,游学传统的回归弥补了学校教育的很多不足,扩大了见闻,磨炼了意志,陶冶了情操,值得大力推广。但目前也有些游学掺杂了一些别的因素。比如有些融入了过多的商业因素,游学逐渐变成商人赚钱的一种手段。有些掺入了过多道德规训的内容,偏离了青少年教育以生发和活跃为主的特点。对于这些问题,摆正心态是关键。学校和相关教育机构要意识到游学是为学生提供知识学习的有效途径,是锻炼学生意志和提升境界的绝佳方法,尤其是那些在自然界中的游学,可以使学生在天地人的交融之中陶冶人格境界,感受天地的大气象,这也是对城市生活和现代性思维的必要补充。而其途径,除了常规的学习之外,更多的应该是体认、感悟、反思、知行合一。

游学教育作为教育活动的一种形式已有2000多年的历史,其价值依然灿若明星,其精髓贵在知行合一,诚如青年毛泽东所言:“闭门求学,其学无用。欲从天下国家万事万物而学之,则汗漫九垓,遍游四宇尚已。”

(作者:翟力,系北京师范大学国学经典教育研究中心研究员)

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