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避免“躁” 追求“静”

2017-09-04 05:10:50   中国青年网

豫剧《灞陵桥》演出剧照。光明图片

许昌市戏曲艺术发展中心创作演出的豫剧《灞陵桥》,是一出当代人站在当今的高度,根据观众的审美趣味创作的新编历史剧,具有重要的现实意义和很高的艺术价值。

这出戏写的是曹操和关羽在许昌的一段纠葛。在以往的艺术作品中,曹操是奸雄形象,关羽是“义”的化身。“义”常常与“仁”并用,“仁义”是儒家伦理道德的核心。“义”来自人的羞耻之心,是人的行为规范,只要是正当的,便不顾生死坚决去践行,只要是不正当的,虽百利于己亦不为也。人们后来把“义”的内容说得更具体,如为国家和民族利益奋不顾身、为救助他人而牺牲自己、讲诚信重承诺等。在当今时代,弘扬这种“义”的精神十分重要。

与关羽有割不断关系的曹操,在以往的艺术领域和民间是作为白脸奸臣形象出现的。但是,曹操在历史上却是一位了不起的政治家、军事家、文学家,他的廉政、勤政、爱才为人称道。依据历史的评判,应该擦去曹丞相脸上的白粉,还原他历史的本来面目,让他身上至今仍有亮度的优秀品质烛照世人。《灞陵桥》中,曹操和关羽都是大英雄,他们在特殊情况下相会许都,曹操出于爱才、揽才的目的坚决要留住关羽,但他出于对关羽仁义之德的钦佩又不能强留,不能不放行,这在他内心深处是一种撕来扯去的心理折磨。关羽对刘备的忠诚和许诺,使他必须离开许都回到刘备身边,但曹操对他的情义、尊重又使他不能不感激与留恋,走留问题对关羽同样是撕来扯去的折磨。二人的心理都是复杂的,表现起来难度很大。对于这一难题,编导演的处理颇见功力。两个人物的心理复杂性得到了充分而又恰到好处的揭示,他们的心理转变表现得合理、细腻、有层次,让观众感到真实可信,具有可体验性。两个人物也因此获得了丰富性和生动性,同时又使这两个人物具有了与传统戏中不同的特质,曹操是一个雄才大略、为国揽才的有情有义的贤相形象,关羽是一个血肉丰满、具有常人情感的艺术形象。

戏剧流程的自然从容有静气,是《灞陵桥》艺术上的又一成功之处。戏曲演出的流程必须是动与静的统一。过分的动会使观众感到“躁”,缺乏“味道”;过分的静,观众又会感到拖、平,无力度。当今河南戏曲舞台常见的缺陷是躁动有余,静气不足,表现为动作的堆砌和不适当地夸大,唱腔音量的过分拉高拉长,还有整个表现的匆忙,角色似乎是急匆匆完成任务赶紧下场一样。而《灞陵桥》避免了这些毛病。每个演员都进入了人物,适度地把握唱腔和动作,使之符合人物性格和心理。在与观众的交流中自然而然,从容有致。这就避免了“躁”,实现了“静”,剧中的一些停顿更直观地显示了静气,起到了无声胜有声的作用。例如全剧结束时,关羽已经下场,曹操和手下的将官们静静远望。这个停顿延伸了舞台空间,让人看到了台上的人物,也看到了远去的关羽,更让观众回味了全剧所展示的情感纠葛,更有感染力。正因为表演的从容和艺术的停顿,让这出表现征战杀伐的剧目,显示了可贵的“静气”。

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